*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Recommendations are based on extensive research into products, brands and customer feedback. Christmas - the season of novelty socks, cosy pyjamas, luxury hampers and offensive mugs. With hundreds of thousands of products on offer, it can make the festive period more stressful than it needs to be. These 20 gift ideas for cat lovers are guaranteed to take some of the pressure off so you can relax with family. From clothing and decor to stationary and crafting ideas, discover the purrfect gifts for those cat crazy friends, partners, relatives or colleagues. Meowy Catmas everyone! 20 Gifts for Cat Lovers: Women's Cat Socks Luxury Scented Candle Set Cat Mug Gift Set Soxo Plush Hot Water Bottle Best Cat Mum Blanket Puimentiua Cat Slippers The CatFather Shirt Wearable Hooded Blanket Sterling Silver Cat Necklace Monty Bojangles Chocolate Truffles Gift Set More Engraved Novelty Wine Glass Cat Tote Gift Set Cat Hand Towel ZXHQ Diary and Planner 2026 Cats with Mandalas Adult Colouring Book Paper Cats Origami Kit ZEERSHEE Cat Crystal Ball Figurine ALBK Personalised Christmas Tree Decoration TOARTi Black Cat Welcome Plaque RICHIE Cat Solar Garden Ornament ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Women's Cat Socks Christmas wouldn't be Christmas without novelty socks! This pack contains five pairs of cat-themed socks with cute faces and paws in mixed colours. The socks are made from 80% cotton, 15% acrylic and 5% spandex for a comfortable, stretchy fit. They're suitable for shoe sizes 4-9 UK and fit most women and teenagers. These socks are perfect for tight budgets, secret Santa, stocking fillers or a little something extra. They come highly recommended by customers for their softness and bright colours. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 200+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Luxury Scented Candle Set A set of six mini candles in cat-themed pots with different scents: lavender, peppermint, sweet orange, jasmine, ginger and cedar. Candles are made with soy wax, 7% essential oils and lead-free wicks for a clean, smokeless burn. This is better for the environment and creates a soothing ambience for relaxing, bathing, meditation and yoga. Each 70g candle has a burning time of 12-15 hours and comes complete with a bamboo holder. Once completely burned down, you can repurpose the pots as a succulent planter! The candle set is beautifully packaged with a gift card, ready for Christmas day. Customers love the look and smell of candles when lit and say the smell is strong, but not overpowering. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Cat Mug Gift Set This charming cat-themed gift set promises a delightful experience for any feline fan. Includes a glass mug, socks, rose scented candle, rose bath bomb and greetings card. The set is designed to offer a spa day at home, or relax after the Christmas buzz with a hot chocolate and warm soak. Customers love the quirky mug, while the bath bomb is said to smell delightful. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 400+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Soxo Plush Hot Water Bottle The Soxo Hot Water Bottle features a soft fleece cover with a cute cat face design, which can be removed for easy washing. The large 1.8l capacity bottle provides long-lasting comfort, with durable rubber that doesn't easily split or burn. As well as keeping you toasty warm, the hot water bottle can be used to relieve muscle aches and pains; soreness in the joints; stomach cramps and menstrual pain. Other designs include a dog, llama and panda. Customers find the Soxo Hot Water bottle to be extra fluffy and effective for keeping warm during winter. They appreciate how cosy it is and say it lasts for a long time. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 400+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Best Cat Mum Blanket A multi-purpose blanket suitable for beds, sofa throws, outdoor picnics - or even a bed for pets! Features various cat images and quotes to make the recipient feel extra special this Christmas. It's made from 100% high-quality polyester, soft and breathable in all seasons. Get the cad dad version here: Best Cat Dad Blanket The blanket is reviewed as being great quality, a good size, comfortable and super soft, despite being on the thinner side. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 100+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Puimentiua Cat Slippers These unique slippers are embellished with cat faces, whiskers and little ears. They're made with thick plush to ensure a cosy, skin-friendly feel, with an anti-slip EVA sole. The slippers are also available in grey, pink, white and brown. Customers love the soft, fluffy material against their feet and say the slippers are a perfect fit, as well as being warm and comfortable. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ The CatFather Shirt One for the cat dads, this parody "CatFather" shirt is an offer you can't refuse. It has a classic fit and is available in a wide range of colours in men's sizes XS-6XL, as well as a selection of women's and children's sizes. Customers like the quality and fit and say it's a fun gift for cat dads. Be sure to grab a tee for your partner, dad, brother, son or fans of the old gangster flicks. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 40+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Wearable Hooded Blanket A wearable blanket made from soft flannel to keep you warm and cosy on winter nights. It features a hood with cat ears and hand pockets with a paw print design. The blanket has an oversized fit and is perfect for wrapping around you while watching Christmas films, reading or relaxing. It's available in several different animal designs including a penguin, sloth and cow. The blanket is reviewed as being soft and cuddly, ideal for both adults and children. It's lightweight but warm at the same time. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Sterling Silver Cat Necklace A 925 sterling silver cat pendant that's both dainty and elegant for a special someone. The pendant is 20mm x 6mm and comes with a sterling silver chain that's 45cm in length. The material is hypoallergenic, lead-free and nickel-free so won't irritate the skin. Presented in a gift box. Customers love how dainty the pendant is and say it's an adorable little gift for both adults and teenagers. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 3,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Monty Bojangles Chocolate Truffles Gift Set Discover the magical world of Monty Bojangles with deliciously moreish, cocoa-dusted truffles in collectible tins, each themed around its corresponding flavour. These include Choccy Scoffy (original chocolate); Coconut Crush (coconut dusting); Flutter Scotch (creamy butterscotch); Cocoa Nib Night (vegan-friendly dark chocolate). Truffles are individually wrapped for freshness so you can stash them for later or share with loved ones. The cool, quirky tins can be refilled or reused. These melt-in-the-mouth truffles are reported to be scrumptious, and the reusable tins are a hit with cat lovers. You can also purchase tins separately, with a wide variety of other flavours to choose from. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 5,000+ Amazon reviews. Shop pet supplies 30% off orders over £39 with code UKNEW30 →  Click to accept 100 coupon bundle →  Click to accept ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Engraved Novelty Wine Glass A novelty wine glass laser engraved with a cat and text that reads: " It's not drinking alone if the cat is home ". The glass has a contemporary shape that's comfortable to hold and, unlike printed glasses, you don't have to worry about the design washing off - which means it's dishwasher safe too. The glass can be personalised with an additional message engraved onto the reverse side, if you select this option when purchasing. It arrives gift boxed ready for the recipient, perfect for relaxing on the sofa with a fine wine and feline friend. Reviews mention that the glass is well-made with clear writing and a lovely presentation box. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 300+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Cat Tote Gift Set This gift set includes a foldable canvas tote bag with inner pocket; makeup/wash bag for cosmetics or toiletries when travelling; and a pair of socks that fit most women. The tote and makeup bag feature a high-quality floral design with a different black cat on each side. Customers are pleased with the value for money, strong tote bag and comfy socks. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 80+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Cat Hand Towel Say goodbye to boring bathrooms with a novelty hand towel, featuring a realistic-looking cat that's available in over 30 styles to match your own feline family members. The towel is designed to hang on a towel rack or rail, with snap buttons on the cat's paws that prevent it from sliding off. The soft fabric is 85% polyester and 15% nylon with strong absorption properties, and it measures 25in x 6in. This humorous towel can also be used in kitchens and makes a great housewarming gift. Customers love the fun factor and say it's soft on the hands. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 2,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ZXHQ Diary and Planner 2026 For a magical start to the new year, look no further than this 2026 diary and daily planner. Bound in a faux leather hardcover that features gorgeous artwork, there are 380 pages with generous space for writing tasks, notes and appointments. All UK holidays are pre-marked, and there are extra pages for personal information, contacts and an income and expense tracker. You can also enjoy daily quotes to inspire positivity, focus and motivation. The diary features colourful tabs for each month, two ribbon bookmarks, an inner storage wallet and pen loop. All of this is packed into the portable size of 8.5in x 5.9in. Customers appreciate the planner's organisation features, especially for those with a busy schedule; and writing space. The excellent quality makes it a well-received gift for loved ones. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 300+ Amazon reviews . ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Cats with Mandalas Adult Colouring Book Cats with Mandalas allows you to express your creativity and love for felines with 50 unique colouring pages, helping to ease daily stress. With single-sided pages to reduce bleed-through and high-quality paper that's suitable for colouring pencils, pastels, gel pens, fine liners, marker pens and watercolours. The large format keeps you busy for hours of relaxation. Also includes a free digital PDF copy of the 100 best illustrations from the brand's adult colouring book range, which you can print out as many times as you like. Colouring books have a therapeutic effect for both adults and children. Cats with Mandalas includes a variety of different species of cats, from simple designs to full pages. The paper is reported to be thick enough to use marker pens without the ink bleeding through. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 500+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Paper Cats Origami Kit One for the crafty cat lovers, this origami kit contains 50 pre-printed paper sheets for folding into 3D cat figures. Easy to fold with high-quality paper, cats can be displayed on shelving, tables and desks. This DIY gift is suitable for adults and children of all experience levels, perfect for crafting time with the kids on Boxing Day! Reviews praise the origami kit for being a fun and unique little boredom breaker. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 30+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ZEERSHEE Cat Crystal Ball Figurine  This crystal ball figurine is made from high-quality K9 glass crystal and features a laser engraved cat under a starlit sky, raising its paw up to a crescent moon. The ball is approximately 6cm x 6cm and comes with a metal display stand. This modern, unique alternative to a snow globe is perfect for cat enthusiasts and looks great in the home all year around. Reviews mention that the crystal ball is exquisite for the price, with clear laser engravings and a finish that catches the light beautifully. You might also be interested in these design variations, each with a different kitty: ZEERSHEE Cat Crystal Ball IFOLAINA Cat Crystal Ball ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ALBK Personalised Christmas Tree Decoration Personalised baubles never get old, whether you want to display your pet's portrait on the Christmas tree or remember those that have passed over the rainbow bridge. Each 3in x 3in ornament features double-sided, HD and UV printing for rich, fade-resistant colours; with a crystal glass or ceramic finish. You can choose from multiple designs and personalise with your own text and favourite family photo - animal or human. The included ribbon allows for easy hanging on trees, wreathes, doors or anywhere around the home to show off your precious memories. Customers praise the quality of ornaments and especially love how they look on the Christmas tree. They also come in a lovely gift box. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 100+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ TOARTi Black Cat Welcome Plaque The TOARTi Welcome Plaque has a retro vibe and can be hung anywhere in the home or garden. Made from 0.5cm thick MDF, which is durable for outdoor use, with an HD text and image print. It measures 25cm x 28cm and is easy to mount with the attached rope. Customers find this plaque to be good value for money, and the fun design is perfect for welcoming visitors to cat-friendly homes and gardens. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 300+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ RICHIE Cat Solar Garden Ornament An adorable cat statue holding a solar LED lantern that brings a warm and welcoming ambiance to gardens, patios, yards, balconies, porches or windows. The ornament is made with UV-resistant resin that withstands all weather conditions for a long-lasting addition to your home or garden. Simply place the cat in a sunny spot for 6-8 hours, and the built-in sensor will automatically light up at dusk for 8-12 hours. No worrying about electricity costs or battery replacements! The statue measures 5.31 inches (l) x 3.34 inches (w) x 7.48 inches (h). This little solar light receives positive feedback for its brightness and sturdiness. It works well in all weather conditions and illuminates flower gardens beautifully. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 600+ Amazon reviews. I hope this list helps you to find the perfect gift for loved ones this Christmas. Happy shopping!

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. In this article: How to Choose a Suitable Cat Carrier Turning Carriers into a Safe Place Cat Calming Products Travelling to the Vet Clinic Taking Multiple Cats for a Vet Visit Summary For the majority of parents, this could be more accurately titled: Vet Visits from HELL . The worst thing you can do is scoop up your unsuspecting cat and shove it into a carrier, as much as we want to get it over with as quickly as possible. The same would apply to any pet: I had a bunny that would scarper whenever he saw the basket of doom . If you're not familiar with this site then get reading, because here's where you want to use a cat's territorial nature to your advantage. How to Choose a Suitable Cat Carrier The carrier should be a safe haven, not a prison. How would you like to be plucked out of your comfy home and carted off to some unknown destination in a plastic box? Wouldn't you feel slightly more comfortable if that box (or vehicle) belonged to you? Preparing cats for a vet visit starts not hours, but days before stepping into a clinic. If you're lucky enough to have cats from a young age, ideally kittens, this is a good time to normalise vet trips - which you should be doing with check-ups, vaccinations, microchipping and/or having them desexed . Taking cats on short car journeys may also help them get used to travelling. If your kitty associates its carrier with fear, that trauma is going to come flooding back every time he or she sees it. Any kind of enclosure is going to freak a cat out because it prevents escape, which is their first response to danger. Not to mention all of the new smells that a clinic has to offer, including the scents of other animals. To ease this process, selecting the right type of carrier is a good place to start. Beaphar Herbal Calming Treats contain hop flowers, Melissa and valerian which is known for its calming properties. They help to promote relaxation and reduce the symptoms of stress including scratching, spraying and excessive vocalisation. Removable tops or lids are ideal so you can lift your cat into and out of the carrier, rather than trying to force it through a front entrance. It also allows the vet to carry out their examination from the carrier with minimal handling. Sometimes cats don't appreciate being touched by their owners, let alone a stranger. Have you ever petted your kitty, only for it to start grooming the area that you put your hands on? As for the size of the carrier, it should have enough room for cats to stand up or lie down and adjust their position; but not so big that they fall around while travelling. Cats Protection recommend using a carrier that's a few centimetres longer, wider and taller than your cat - so if you have kittens then it'll need upsizing as they grow. Carriers should also have ventilation slots on each side. Visit It's not unusual to see people travelling with cats in soft carriers or even backpacks, as is the current social media trend, which ultimately depends on the temperament of your cat. Remember they're capable of ripping and biting through fabric if they're stressed or frightened enough, and it doesn't offer as much protection as a plastic or metal wire carrier. They're also harder to clean if kitty has an accident! Amazon Basics Hard-Sided Cat Carrier is a 2-door model with a front and top opening for loading pets. It has ventilation on all sides and easy-open latches. Turning Carriers into a Safe Place Now you've chosen the perfect carrier, it must be transformed into that all-important safe space. Start by leaving it in a room that your cat frequents for a few days, up to a week, prior to the vet visit. This gives them a chance to claim it as part of their territory by marking it with their scent, reminding them that it's safe and familiar. Related post: What Are Cat Pheromones and How Do They Work? Place a blanket or towel inside for the cat to lie on, or use bedding that's already covered in its scent. If you have cat trees and shelves, you can wipe over the area with a cloth and use that as a familiar object. You could even use an old T-shirt because, of course, they'll recognise your scent too! Toys and treats will create positive associations and help to entice a reluctant kitty. Cat Calming Products For the big day, you might want to use a spritz of the various calming sprays that are available on the market. Pheromone-based sprays like Feliway or Pet Remedy's essential oil blends come highly recommended, all of which can be sprayed inside or over the carrier prior to the journey. Plug-in diffuser versions of these products are available, although effects aren't always immediate and may require several weeks to work. Tablets, such as Zylkene Calming Supplements , help pets to cope with short-term challenging situations including travelling and fireworks . It contains alpha-casozepine, a natural milk protein with clinically proven calming properties. They can be administered in advance of a vet trip but, again, may take a couple of days to build up in the system. Always consult a vet before giving cats supplements. Herbal calming treats and spot-ons are also good options. Whatever you decide and whatever works best for your cat, there are plenty of products and brands to choose from. Related post: Beaphar Cat Calming Products: Diffuser, Spray, Spot-On, Collar and Tablets Feliway Classic Spray contains pheromones that help to reduce common signs of stress. Can be used during major changes including renovations, travel and vet visits. Available in 20ml or 60ml bottles that are suitable for use at home or on the go. Travelling to the Vet Clinic Try to schedule your visit outside of rush hours to avoid getting stuck in traffic and minimising the time your cat has to spend in its carrier. Most clinics tend to be quieter in the morning, then you have the rest of the day to help cats settle down. You might want to choose a day when you don't have any other activities planned, such as visitors coming over. To reduce movement when travelling, hold the carrier level so your cat isn't sliding around and use a seatbelt to secure it while driving. Where a cat is crying, panting or generally stressed out, you can cover the carrier with a towel or blanket. Limiting visual stimulation may give them a chance to calm down and focus on themselves. Cats also appreciate height advantage, so if there's a table in the clinic's waiting area then do make use of it. Remember too that a frightened kitty may pee on its bedding, so take a spare towel just in case. Taking Multiple Cats for a Vet Visit If you have multiple cats that require a health check-up, it's advisable to take them together so they both smell the same upon their return. We don't want any unnecessary cases of non-recognition aggression , especially where fighting is already present. Each cat should have its own separate carrier. As touched on earlier, calming spot-ons should be used with caution in multi-cat homes. This is because they're applied topically and may change the smell of cats, thus escalating the situation. If it isn't possible to take cats to the clinic together or you're worried about them stressing each other out, keep them separated for 12-24 hours after the visit. This way, the remaining cat isn't being subjected to any foreign smells. Related post: How to Reintroduce Cats After a Fight in 6 Steps Lastly, cats take emotional cues from humans, so staying cool and collected is as beneficial for them as it is for you! Beaphar CatComfort Excellence Calming Diffuser contains a copy of the feline facial pheromone to help reduce stress-related behaviours, and the maternal appeasing pheromone to promote bonding and harmony in multi-cat households. Summary To make it even easier, use this brief rundown as a handy reminder for your next vet visit: Invest in a suitable carrier. Add familiar bedding, blankets or towels. Use calming sprays. Offer treats to reward or entice. Secure the carrier with a seatbelt and minimise movement. Take multiple cats for check-ups together or separate for 12 hours minimum. Stay calm - you've got this! Mentioned Products Amazon Basics Hard-Sided Cat Carrier Zylkene Calming Supplements for Cats & Dogs Beaphar StressLess Herbal Calming Spot-On Have you been struggling with your own vet visits from hell? Let us know how we can help in the comments.

In this article: Common Emergencies in Cats Feline First Aid Kit What to Do in an Emergency First Aid for Cats Emergencies and CPR Also in this article: Cuts and Bleeding Broken Bones Burns and Scalds More Bites Stings Choking Poisoning Seizures Common Emergencies in Cats There's a saying that cats have nine lives, a myth that likely originated from their knack for escaping danger, with quick reflexes; remarkable agility and the ability to land on their feet. Some might call them lucky, but there's a big difference between a cat's inherent survival skills and immortality! When an emergency strikes, knowing the basics of feline first aid and having the correct supplies to hand could be the difference between life and death. Related post: Pet Bereavement Support and Coping with the Loss of a Pet Common accidents and emergencies in cats include: Injuries like burns, cuts and broken bones. Choking or swallowing foreign objects. Bite wounds from other cats or larger animals, including dogs. Road traffic accidents. Falling from windows and heights. Poisoning. Bites from venomous spiders and snakes. In some countries, gunshot wounds. Your first response in any situation should be to call a vet immediately after discovering there's a problem, who can offer instructions over the phone and prepare for your arrival; however, emergencies often happen out of the blue. There's no harm in being prepared to give first aid until you can get proper medical attention or on the way to a clinic. Related post : How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress Familiarising yourself with your cat's vital signs by learning to measure their body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate can help to detect any changes that might indicate a problem. This is fairly simple and you can find step-by-step guides here: How to Measure a Cat's Vital Signs Feline First Aid Kit A basic first aid kit for pets should include a selection of bandages, antiseptic and some essential instruments. Here I've compiled a list that you can find on reputable websites like the PDSA , ASPCA and Cats Protection . Cleaning: Sterile saline solution - flushing or rinsing a wound . Cat-safe antiseptic solution, spray or wipes - disinfecting wounds . Dressings and tools: Sterile gauze pads - absorbing blood . Cotton wool balls or swabs - cleaning areas . Non-adhesive bandage pads - layering up wound coverage before dressing . Self-adhesive bandages - stick to themselves without catching fur or having to use tape . Bandage tape (if self-adhesive bandages are unavailable or adding extra security). Tick remover. Tweezers - also used for ticks, splinters and foreign objects. Scissors with blunt or rounded ends so they don't catch the cat's skin when cutting bandages. Disposable gloves . Other items: Emergency blanket - to keep warm (e.g., if cat goes into shock) or use as a stretcher. Towel - soaked in cold water to keep cat cool if it overheats, or use as a stretcher. Digital ear thermometer. Stopwatch. Torch/flashlight. Ice pack Remember to keep items stocked up and refill your kit after usage. It's also beneficial to keep your cat's medical information inside, as well as the number and address of your local vet. If you want to be extra thorough, a record of their vital signs may help the vet during an emergency. Lastly, know where your cat carrier is and keep it lined with a blanket ready for use. What to Do in an Emergency When addressing an emergency, it's recommended to use the acronym: " Dr ABCs " D anger - keep yourself and others around you safe. R esponse - check if your pet responds to their name or touch. A irway - is their airway clear? B reathing - are they breathing? C irculation - do they have a pulse or heartbeat? S end - get someone to ask for help. When cats are frightened or in pain, they're more likely to lash out and bite, so it's important to remain calm and approach them quietly. Keep doors closed so they can't run outside and confine them to a single room. If handling isn't possible or causes further distress, you can restrain them in a towel and place them into a carrier for transporting to a vet clinic. As your cat's caretaker, you're one of the most important factors in recognising an emergency that might not be immediately obvious. Poisoning, for example, can have a delayed effect; and internal injuries can't be seen. Observing the slightest changes in behaviour and acting quickly can potentially save a life. You know what's normal for your cat and what isn't. First Aid for Cats The following information is not intended to replace veterinary treatment. First aid measures should only be used in the case of an emergency where help is not available. Always contact your vet at the first opportunity and follow any instructions given. Cuts and Bleeding Superficial Wounds It's fairly easy to tell the difference between a superficial cut and a deeper wound, but sometimes they look more serious than they are. This is because it can take a couple of minutes for clotting to form. Shallow cuts, scratches and grazes can usually be tended to at home; however, animals have a habit of licking and scratching affected areas which can cause infections and other issues. Keep an eye out for redness, swelling, itching, heat, discharge, foul odours, lethargy and fever. A vet may prescribe antibiotics or apply protective measures, such as a collar, to give it a better chance of healing. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Cuts and Grazes Heavy Bleeding Bleeding that's heavier will likely need more urgent attention, as cats may collapse or go into shock if the bleeding doesn't stop within 5-15 minutes. Call a vet immediately. Signs of shock include: Pale gums. Cool ears, paws or tail. Rapid or shallow breathing. Weak or rapid pulse. Lethargy. Unresponsiveness. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Bleeding Serious Injuries Seek immediate veterinary care if the wound is extensive; near sensitive areas such as the eyes or genitals; on the abdomen or chest. Some accidents, particularly traffic related if animals have been dragged or knocked across a road, may result in areas of missing skin. Internal Bleeding Internal bleeding is usually life-threatening without medical intervention, so detecting it early is crucial. Some of the symptoms are similar to shock, but be on the lookout for: Lethargy, weakness or collapse. Cold ears, paws or tail. Pale or white gums and paw pads. Bruising. Laboured breathing. Rapid heartbeat. Loss of appetite. Swollen belly. Vomiting (possibly with blood). Dark, tarry stool. Broken Bones This type of injury can be harder to diagnose unless the skin is broken and the bone is visible. Some indicators of a broken bone and corresponding locations include: Laboured breathing - ribs. Limping or altered gait - limbs. Reluctance to stand up or move - pelvis. Not eating or drinking - jaw. Unable to move - spine. There may be signs of internal bleeding or shock, especially if a cat has been hit by a car or fallen from a height. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Broken Bones Burns and Scalds Burns aren't only painful but prone to infection and scarring. You must always contact a vet, no matter what size or degree of the burn. Chemical burns can be harder to spot under the fur and continue to damage the tissue long after exposure. Signs of a chemical burn include: Behavioural changes. Vocalisations. Excessive licking over the same area. Hairless patches. Redness. Swelling. Blisters. Oozing/weeping. Odours. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Burns Bites Other Animals If a cat has been bitten by another cat or larger animal, it can create deep puncture wounds that may go unnoticed through their thick fur. Not only are mouths full of bacteria, but the top layers of skin may heal relatively quickly. This traps bacteria which can lead to infections and abscesses. Always get bites checked by a vet, particularly if the area is swollen, red or hot to the touch. Attacks from large animals, especially wild ones, can cause internal damage or rabies infection (although rare in the UK). Be sure to provide your vet with any information about the animal. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Bite Wounds Visit Snakes & Spiders Venomous snakes and spiders are rare in the UK but can cause death very quickly depending on the location of the bite and if it's left untreated. So too, we don't know if they're venomous until symptoms develop, which makes it even more important to seek veterinary help. Make a note of the snake/spider if seen, or take a photo (from a distance). Be aware of those that are venomous, if any, and how it could affect cats. Stings In the UK, the most likely cause of stings are insects like bees and wasps. They commonly occur on the face, paws or mouth and cause mild itching, redness and swelling. The main concern is if the stinger remains in the skin and leads to additional irritation or infection. If a cat is allergic to a sting, they can go into anaphylactic shock which requires immediate treatment. This is usually characterised by severe swelling of the affected area - any swelling near the airways or throat can restrict their ability to breathe. Other signs of an allergic reaction include: Skin rash or bumps. Wheezing or panting. Lethargy or weakness. Pale gums. Vomiting or diarrhoea. Collapse. Depending on the severity of the reaction, cats may need medication such as antihistamines and other anti-inflammatories administered by a vet. It's wise to research the different insects in your region so you know what to look out for. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Allergic Reactions and Insect Stings Choking Choking on foreign objects can quickly become serious as cats are unable to breathe properly due to obstruction of the airway. Signs of choking include: Difficulty breathing or wheezing. Gagging or retching. Pawing at the mouth. Drooling. Blue tinged lips, gums or tongue. Collapse. This requires immediate medical intervention, both to remove the object and ensure there's no trauma to the throat. This article from PetMD contains a useful guide on first aid for choking: How to Perform Heimlich Manoeuvre if a Cat Is Choking Poisoning Most cases of poisoning are due to a cat's curiosity getting the better of them and eating things they shouldn't. They may also lick harmful substances off their fur, inhale chemicals or absorb toxins through the skin. Different poisons can cause different reactions, but there are some general symptoms. Drooling or foaming at the mouth. Vomiting or diarrhoea. Difficulty breathing. Blue or pale gums. Loss of appetite. Increased thirst or urination. Blood in vomit, urine or stool. Loss of coordination. Muscle tremors or seizures. Weakness or collapse. Coma. In the UK, the best source of information on animal poisoning is the Veterinary Poison Information Service . If you suspect your cat has been poisoned, you can call their Animal PoisonLine for 24-hour specialist advice: 01202 509000 ( It would be wise to keep this number in your first aid kit! ) Related post : 8 Common Household Items That Are Dangerous or Toxic to Cats Call your vet or the Animal PoisonLine immediately. If known, give the name of the substance that caused the poisoning; the amount ingested and time of exposure. You can also take the poison to the vet clinic with you, if it's safe. This article from International Cat Care contains a useful guide on first aid for poisoning and removing contaminants from a cat's fur: Cats and Poisons Seizures Seizures can be caused by a range of underlying issues: head trauma, brain tumors, infection or inflammation; liver or kidney disease; low blood sugar and epilepsy. A single, short seizure usually passes within a couple of minutes but still requires investigation by a vet. Repeated, prolonged seizures that last 5 minutes or longer can indicate a serious medical issue. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Seizures Emergencies and CPR CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is the treatment for cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). It involves a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths to restore circulation and breathing. When a cat is suffering from CPA, it means their heart has stopped beating; they're not breathing on their own and have lost consciousness. There are many causes of CPA, including some of those we've already mentioned: Traumatic injuries. Blood loss. Electrocution. Allergic reactions. Inability to breathe. Heart problems. Low blood pressure (shock). Unfortunately, CPR is rarely successful on cats and depends on factors such as the cause of arrest and how soon treatment was started. It can also be dangerous to start CPR if the heart is still beating, which could lead to further harm and even death. This is where " Dr ABCs " comes in useful by ensuring the cat is unconscious, watching for breaths and listening or feeling for a heartbeat. The more you practice checking your cat's vital signs, the more equipped you'll be to recognise and respond to an emergency. To give your cat the best chance of survival, ideally, you should call a vet and follow instructions given over the phone. They may walk you through CPR and can offer specialist advice if any problems arise. If this isn't possible, you can attempt CPR on route to a clinic if you have someone else to drive you; or while waiting for veterinary care. If an emergency happens and you're alone, it's recommended to skip CPR and rush your pet straight to the nearest vet clinic. The PDSA and PetMB have some detailed step-by-step guidelines on performing CPR, including helpful illustrations. Due to the seriousness of the emergency and risks involved, it's advisable to learn CPR techniques at a veterinary first aid course before attempting them on your pet. PDSA: CPR for Cats and Kittens PetMB: How to Perform CPR on a Cat *This is general advice and should not be used as a replacement for veterinary care. This article is not endorsed by any of the organisations mentioned. What’s in your feline first aid kit? Are you prepared for an emergency? Let us know if these tips helped in the comments.

In this article: What Are Vital Signs and Why Are They Important? How to Measure a Cat's Vital Signs What Are Vital Signs and Why Are They Important? Vital signs measure the body's basic functions, just like a human might experience in a hospital or doctor's office. This usually involves measuring the patient's body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure. Since cats are experts at hiding illness or pain, knowing their vital signs can help to detect any problems that you might want to discuss with your vet. The easiest way to monitor your cat's health is by measuring their body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate. Taking a cat's blood pressure uses specialised equipment such as an inflatable cuff and monitor. While it's possible to do this at home, it's not recommended without proper training. The methods discussed are simple and non-invasive, based on observation and touch (adult cats only). Results may vary depending on age, health, activity levels and other factors. You should not rely on this information to determine the health status of your cat. If you suspect a problem then seek veterinary advice. How to Measure a Cat's Vital Signs Body Temperature A body temperature of 38-39 ° C is considered normal for cats. Some may be slightly higher or lower, but most sources state that the range should be between 37.2-39.2 °C. Rectal thermometers provide the most accurate reading, but I do not recommend this without training at the risk of causing harm or discomfort to such a sensitive area. A digital ear thermometer can also be used, but your cat will likely not enjoy this method either. In terms of an emergency, low body temperature could be due to shock, cold or various illnesses. A high temperature can indicate fever resulting from an immune system response, such as fighting inflammation or infections; and heatstroke. Resting Heart Rate A cat's heart rate can fluctuate depending on how relaxed or stressed it is but typically ranges between 140-220 bpm (beats per minute). A calm, resting kitty will likely be at the lower end and can drop to 120-140 bpm according to the MSD Veterinary Manual . 180-220 bpm is considered stressed, frightened or elevated after a period of activity. Outside of these ranges can be a sign of serious health issues. Most owners won't have a stethoscope, but with a bit of practice, you can use your hands to feel for a pulse. Here are some pointers to help: Wait until your cat is lying down in a relaxed state as it'll be easier and give a more accurate reading. The best place to locate a pulse is along the ribcage by placing a hand towards the cat's left side, underneath its arm where the elbow joins onto the body (or the "armpit" area). You can also locate the femoral artery on the inside of the upper hind leg near to where it joins the body. Place two fingers flat onto the area and gently press until you can feel a pulse. Using a stopwatch, count the number of beats for 15 seconds and then multiply that number by 4 to get the per minute rate. You can also count for 20 seconds and multiply by 3; 30 seconds and multiply by 2; or go for the full 60 seconds. The longer, the better - but it all depends on how compliant your kitty is. Resting Respiratory Rate (RRR) The PDSA  states that the normal resting respiratory rate for cats is 16-40 bpm. This is how many breaths cats take for each minute while resting or sleeping. Some sources say that the average rate is under 30-35 bpm. A higher respiratory rate (shortness of breath) could be a sign of stress, pain or underlying heath conditions such as respiratory infections, asthma and heart failure. Respiratory rate is easy to measure as you can watch your cat from afar without having to disturb them. Wait until kitty is resting or sleeping, but not dreaming (or purring) as this can speed up breathing and won't give an accurate result. Signs of a dream state include twitching paws, legs, tail, mouth or whiskers; fluttering eyelids; soft vocalisations like chirping or whimpering. Watch the rise and fall of their chest (each rise/fall equates to one breath). Use a stopwatch to count how many breaths they take per 15 seconds and multiply by 4 to get the per minute rate (or 20/30/60 seconds as described above). Make a note of your own cat's vital signs and repeat regularly so you can quickly identify any changes. Practicing taking your cat's vital signs is a good way of getting cats used to being handled in preparation for a vet visit or health check-up. They'll be used to having more sensitive areas of their body touched such as the ears, legs and belly. It can also promote bonding and, with any luck, kitty will be none the wiser to your examination and just think it's being petted! If measurements seem abnormal, such as a little higher or lower than those mentioned, don't worry too much as all cats are different. Even if vital signs are within the normal or average ranges, it doesn't mean cats won't have other health conditions. Always consult with a veterinarian about the health status of your cat. *This is general information only and should not be used to replace medical advice. Have you practiced taking your cat's vital signs? Did any of these tips help? Let us know in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. This is an honest review of a free product. I may receive a small commission on purchases made through links in this article, at no extra cost to you. This helps to support my blog and pay the cat taxes - thank you! Is your cat overweight, lazy or sluggish? Do they have stinky toilet habits, a dull coat or dandruff? It could be down to a diet of processed junk, with low amounts of animal-based protein and an excess of grains and fillers. If the food you're buying isn't making your cat happy or healthy, you're not alone. Edgard & Cooper is a young but fast-growing company based in Germany, founded by two friends and their dogs - Edgard and Cooper! The pair made it their mission to create pet food that's not only delicious and healthy, but uses fresh meat in their recipes. After many years of research and partnering with universities, they found the perfect recipes and are now selling healthy cat and dog food in 13 countries. Special delivery from Edgard & Cooper! Since then, Edgard & Cooper has become a leading independent premium pet food brand in Europe. In 2024, it was acquired by US food giant, General Mills, but continues to operate separately. The company was kind enough to send me samples of their cat food range including wet food, kibble and some tasty treats that I can't wait to share with you. Of course, the final verdict lies with our important tester cats - read on to discover their ratings! Shop on the Edgard & Cooper website, Amazon and other online retailers. They also have availability in select stores across the UK, including Pets at Home. Get 20% off your first order over £20 Code: CATMUMJOURNAL20 In this article: What Can I Expect from Edgard & Cooper? Dry Food Wet Food Treats Final Thoughts What Can I Expect from Edgard & Cooper? Before we get to the juicy stuff, here's a little more about what the company offers and how it differs from many of the brands you'll have seen on the shelves of Tesco. Psst .... in case you missed it, I share my thoughts on commercial food here: The Truth About Commercial Cat Food: What Really Goes into Your Pet's Food? ✓ Fresh, natural ingredients. ✓   Gently cooked to preserve nutrition and flavour. ✓   Sourced from local suppliers wherever possible. ✓   Recyclable packaging. ✓   1% of sales donated to charity. All in all, Edgard & Cooper is good for pets, good for the planet and, consequently, good for you. If you're interested in learning more, you can read their sustainability plan and impact report . It's important to note that, while Edgard & Cooper uses fresh meat in their recipes, it isn't the same as a raw or fresh food company that uses 100% animal ingredients. It does, however, come with many other benefits that sets it apart from standard commercial cat foods. Edgard & Cooper Other Food ✓   Fresh meat and fish packed with protein. ❌   Overly processed meat and offal. ✓   Herbs, berries and flowers for extra fibre, nutrients and antioxidants. ❌   Unspecified ingredients. ✓   Sweet potatoes, a low-glycaemic carbohydrate. ❌   Low protein content and quality. ✓   Well-balanced, wholesome recipes. ❌   Packed with grains and fillers. ✓   Grain and gluten-free. ❌   High in carbohydrates. ✓   No artificial colours, flavours or preservatives. ❌   Harder to digest. Dry Food Overview The entire Edgard & Cooper cat food range is grain-free and gluten-free, which is promising for all cats but especially those with allergies. Their complete dry food contains fresh meat, not meat meal or bone meal. Anything described as "meal" basically refers to powdered animal parts - meat, skin, offal, bone, feet - your guess is as good as mine! To be clear, all meat has to be dried and processed in order to produce kibble. Think of the difference between baking a homemade cake with fresh ingredients and whipping up a packet mix - there's a clear winner in terms of nutrition. Main benefits: Fresh meat/fish to support strong muscles. Salmon oil for healthy skin and shiny fur. Taurine to support the eyes and heart. L-carnitine to promote metabolism. Dried chicory to support a healthy gut. No added sugar. Flossie polishing off the salmon kibble. Packaging The packaging is made from recyclable paper and bioplastic, which is great for the environment but they aren't self-seal bags. This isn't a huge issue as dry food keeps for ages, but if buying this food on a regular basis, you might want to store it in an airtight container for maximum freshness. Flavours Flavour options include: Adult cats: Chicken; Salmon; Turkey & Chicken Kitten: Duck & Chicken Senior: Chicken & Turkey I received the chicken and salmon flavour kibbles for adult cats, let's take a look! Chicken Free-range chicken kibble for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Fresh chicken 50%, peas, potato (dried), potato starch, potato protein, pea protein. More Minerals, chicken gravy, chicken fat, linseed, yeasts (dried, natural source of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and beta-glucans) 1.5%, chicory (dried, natural source of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin) 1%, beet pulp (dried), salmon oil 0.5%, cranberries (dried) 0.003%, sage (dried) 0.003%, valerian (dried) 0.003%. 399.4 kcal per 100g Unlike most cat foods, we're not left guessing the calorie content either! Analytical Constituents Dry Matter Basis Protein: 30% Protein: 32.60% Fat: 17% Fat: 18.47% Fibre: 2.5% Fibre: 2.71% Ash: 7.5% Ash: 8.15% Moisture: 8% Carbohydrates: 38.04% *DMB = Percentages with moisture removed for a more accurate representation. Salmon Atlantic salmon kibble for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Fresh salmon 50%, peas, potato protein, potato (dried), potato starch, pea protein. More Minerals, chicken gravy, linseed, yeasts (dried, natural source of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and beta-glucans) 1.5%, chicory (dried, natural source of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin) 1%, beet pulp (dried), salmon oil 0.5%, basil (dried) 0.003%, cranberries (dried) 0.003%, dill (dried) 0.003%. 403.9 kcal per 100g Analytical Constituents Dry Matter Basis Protein: 30% Protein: 32.60% Fat: 18% Fat: 19.56% Fibre: 2.5% Fibre: 2.71% Ash: 7.5% Ash: 8.15% Moisture: 8% Carbohydrates: 36.95% Review Most grain-free cat foods contain vegetables as an alternative energy source, especially potatoes as the starch is used as a binding agent in kibble. What stands out with Edgard & Cooper is that recipes only use sweet potato, which has a lower glycaemic index. This means it's digested slower and results in a smaller sugar spike, keeping your cat's tummy fuller for longer so they're less likely to snack. The inclusion of potato and peas does bump up the carbohydrate content, which I'd expect with bog-standard food; but it's more than I'd like to see in a brand like this. Recipes also contain pea protein which, again, is commonly used as a substitute for animal-based protein; however, it's not a main ingredient. The exact percentages of potatoes and peas are not given, but the amount of carbohydrates gives us a good idea of how many grains or veggies are being added to any particular food. In this case, 36-38% on a dry matter basis is even higher than protein at 32% DMB. The percentage of meat decreases after being cooked due to the evaporation of water, which could explain the heavy use of vegetables. Some might call this a disadvantage of using fresh meat. If you aren't sure how to do the maths then it's very simple and can be found here: How to Calculate Carbohydrates in Cat Food and Understanding Dry Matter Basis What we do know is that the primary ingredient is fresh chicken or fish at 50% - great! Taking a closer look at this, since it's the most important part of a cat's diet, 30% crude protein doesn't sound like anything special, especially since we don't know how much of that is animal-based. However, I'd rather see 30% of labelled, quality ingredients than 50% of crap. The food contains a moderate amount of fat, which cats would benefit from in the wild; but as dry food is more calorie-dense than wet food, portion control is extremely important. The use of chicken fat and salmon oil also reduces the (unnecessary) need for plant-based ingredients. Free-range chicken is an ethical bonus. The percentages of herbs and berries are so minute that I'm not sure they warrant boasting on the front of the packaging, but this is typical of pet food manufacturers - and less is more. The kibble pieces aren't too large or small and quite flat, making them easy to chew for both adults and older cats; although the range does include a separate kibble especially formulated for seniors. For kittens, the pieces are significantly smaller. Simba diving into the chicken kibble - you have to see it to believe it! Tester's Verdict I don’t often use my notoriously picky-eating cats for testing food, especially Simba who'll only entertain a couple of different kibbles (despite my ongoing efforts to get him onto wet food). To my amazement, he took to the chicken flavour without any bribery or encouragement from me whatsoever! If you know my incredibly fussy, incredibly demanding little boy then you'll know that getting the paws-up for.... well, pretty much anything.... is a big win, so I have to give credit where it's due. The bad news? This was the only thing he would eat out of all the goodies on offer, but that's no reflection on the food - just Simba being Simba. If you've never met a cat that rejected every brand of treats available, you have now! The salmon flavour went down incredibly well with the other testers - aka, my nieces and nephew. Kit and Nobby are on the greedier side, but it was fussy Flossie that attempted to break into the bag before the kibble was even poured into a bowl. Nobby isn't sharing! Conclusion Dry food is never going to be the best dietary option for cats, but it's known for being a good cost-effective option. That being said, naturally, you're going to pay more for the fresh meat content of Edgard & Cooper. This alone makes it a big step-up from your basic commercial food - and even some of the so-called premium brands - but the protein and carbohydrate contents are about average. Overall, if you're already paying for the likes of certain "specialist" brands and your cat isn't on a prescription diet, then you might as well use that money for something that actually gives pets the nutrition they need, which this dry food does marginally better. Unfortunately, we can't escape those carbohydrates, whether they come in the form of grains or vegetables, but some are worse than others - and different cats will tolerate different ingredients. If you're confused about what to feed your cat or wondering whether you should switch to a wet food diet, this post is essential reading: Cats and Carbohydrates: Is Dry Cat Food Bad for Cats? Get 20% off your first order over £20 Code: CATMUMJOURNAL20 There's tons of information on the brand's website, and it's refreshing to see a pet food manufacturer that cares about feline nutritional needs enough to promote wet food as a healthier choice - or at the very least, a mixture of wet and dry. As well as the generic feeding directions provided on the packaging, which applies to both sterilised and unsterilised cats, each product page on the website includes a feeding calculator so you can work out the correct portion size for your specific cat. I tested this against my own calculations and it's fairly accurate. Perhaps most importantly, both kibbles passed the furry palettes of two of our most pickiest eaters. Wet Food Overview Edgard & Cooper's wet cat food range (complete) offers a selection of chunks in sauce and pâté. Fillets are available as a complimentary snack. Main benefits of chunks in sauce and pâté : Packed full of protein with meat/fish and nutritious offal (the good by-products like muscle tissue, organs and bone). Taurine to support the eyes and heart. No added sugar. Packaging All of Edgard & Cooper's wet food cans are made from metal, which is not only recyclable but has natural preservative properties to keep those important nutrients locked in. Food lasts for up to 24 months, helping to reduce waste and spoilage. Flavours Flavour options for chunks in sauce and pâté include: Adults: Chicken; Turkey & Chicken; Lamb & Chicken; Salmon & Chicken Kittens: Duck & Chicken; Codfish & Chicken Seniors: Chicken & Turkey Flavour options for fillets include: All ages: Tuna; Tuna & Chicken; Tuna & Shrimp; Tuna & Squid I received all flavours of the chunks in sauce and pâté; as well as the tuna and tuna & chicken fillets. Let's take a look! Chunks in Sauce Chicken Free-run chicken pieces in sauce for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Chicken 46%, beef 7%, minerals, sage (dried) 0.02%, turmeric (dried) 0.02%, cranberries (dried) 0.01%. 83.9 kcal per 100g Lamb & Chicken Juicy lamb and free-run chicken in sauce for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Chicken 40%, lamb 7%, beef 6%, minerals, sage (dried) 0.02%, turmeric (dried) 0.02%, cranberries (dried) 0.01%. 83.9 kcal per 100g Kit diving in - literally! Salmon & Chicken Tandem of salmon from an MSC-certified sustainable fishery and free-run chicken in sauce for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Chicken 37.5%, MSC* salmon 8.5%, beef 7%, minerals, basil (dried) 0.02%, dill (dried) 0.02%, cranberries (dried) 0.01%. 83.9 kcal per 100g Turkey & Chicken Free-run turkey and chicken in sauce for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Turkey 26%, chicken 20%, beef 7%, minerals, sage (dried) 0.02%, turmeric (dried) 0.02%, cranberries (dried) 0.01%. 83.9 kcal per 100g The analytical constituents for all of these wet foods are the same, as shown in the chart below. Analytical Constituents Dry Matter Basis Protein: 9% Protein: 50% Fat: 5% Fat: 27.77% Fibre: 0.2% Fibre: 1.11% Ash: 2.5% Ash: 13.88% Moisture: 82% Carbohydrates: 7.22% Happy cats and full tummies. Review This wet food provides a good balance of protein and fat that's much closer to a cat's natural diet than the dry food variety - and not a pea or potato in sight. Notice how this lowers the carbohydrate content to less than a quarter of that in the kibble, and it contains significantly less calories. With nothing but fresh meat, offal and a small percentage of herbs and berries, this is purrfect for the carnivorous kitty. These recipes claim to use "free-run" chicken and turkey which, technically, isn't the same as free-range, as animals are still confined within a barn rather than having outdoor access. However, the company is very open about their mission to push for higher welfare - more on this can be found in the ethics and sustainability section at the end. I appreciate a short, clear ingredients list with no nasties hidden under umbrella terms like "meat meal", "vegetable derivatives" or "cereals" - which, let's be honest, has become the unacceptable norm. The only thing I'd like to see here is named offal, just to confirm that it is indeed the nutritious parts of animals being used. Get 20% off your first order over £20 Code: CATMUMJOURNAL20 The crude protein is at 50% - again, not a huge increase from what we're used to seeing - but the fresh meat and absence of fillers makes it a worthy trade-off. It's also worth mentioning that all of these recipes contain 7% beef, hence the importance of checking the label. All products on the brand's website include an allergy section, which is helpful when choosing the best food for your kitty. These meals don't look particularly appetising, but that's the point. No artificial colours or flavours to create that overpowering "meaty" smell - just simple chunks in a light sauce, which is all you really need. Cats don't rate their plates like humans do; in fact, those bright caramel gravies are more for your eyes to tempt you into buying the product. Gobble gobble gobble. Tester's Verdict I’m equally surprised to report that the chunks in sauce went down reasonably well with Drax who, as you may know, is on a urinary diet, but we don't want him feeling left out - a little treat never hurts! I did mash up the chunks because he has an aversion to the texture, but I have to do the same with his urinary food. If your cat prefers shredded or flaked meat then you can use a fork to mash it up. I didn't have to do the usual mixing old food with new food or follow him around for half a day in the hopes that he'd try it. He only ignored it the first couple of times, which for Drax is quite the achievement! While he didn't lick his bowl clean, I'm certain it's a brand he could get used to as the occasional treat. Since he can't have much of this food, I only gave him the lamb & chicken flavour. The remaining tins were devoured by Nobby and Kit, who chased their mum around demanding more. Flossie doesn't eat wet food and is no closer to changing her mind - we tried! Pâté Chicken Silky soft pâté with free-run chicken for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Chicken 59%, minerals, cranberries (dried) 0.02%, sage (dried) 0.02%, valerian (dried) 0.02%. 93.2 kcal per 100g Salmon & Chicken Silky soft pâté with tandem of salmon from an MSC-certified sustainable fishery and free-run chicken. For adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Chicken 49%, MSC* salmon 10%, minerals, basil (dried) 0.02%, cranberries (dried) 0.02%, dill (dried) 0.02%. 93.2 kcal per 100g The analytical constituents for both of these pâtés are the same, as shown in the chart below. Analytical Constituents Dry Matter Basis Protein: 9.5% Protein: 48.71% Fat: 6% Fat: 30.76% Fibre: 0.4% Fibre: 2.05% Ash: 2.5% Ash: 12.82% Moisture: 80.5% Carbohydrates: 5.64% Lamb & Chicken Silky soft pâté with lamb and free-run chicken for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Chicken 49%, lamb 10%, minerals, cranberries (dried) 0.02%, sage (dried) 0.02%, valerian (dried) 0.02%. 91.3 kcal per 100 g Analytical Constituents Dry Matter Basis Protein: 9.5% Protein: 50% Fat: 6% Fat: 31.57% Fibre: 0.4% Fibre: 2.10% Ash: 2.5% Ash: 13.15% Moisture: 81% Carbohydrates: 3.15% Turkey & Chicken Silky soft pâté with free-run turkey and chicken for adult cats, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Turkey 31%, chicken 28%, minerals, cranberries (dried) 0.02%, sage (dried) 0.02%, valerian (dried) 0.02%. 99.1 kcal per 100g Analytical Constituents Dry Matter Basis Protein: 9.5% Protein: 46.34% Fat: 6.5% Fat: 31.70% Fibre: 0.4% Fibre: 1.95% Ash: 2.5% Ash: 12.19% Moisture: 79.5% Carbohydrates: 7.80% Review Looking at the dry matter basis, there isn't much difference between these recipes in terms of nutrition. Lamb & chicken has the highest amount of protein and the lowest carbohydrates, but only by a few percent. I usually find pâté to be a little mousse-like in texture with an unpleasantly strong smell, but this was firmer and didn't require a peg on my nose. I didn't go as far as tasting it, but you can see the quality in its appearance. The salmon used in the salmon & chicken flavour pâté is MSC-certified, which means it's wild-caught and sustainable, helping to prevent overfishing. In comparison to the chunks in sauce, neither is particularly better or worse than the other; although the pâtés contain more calories. They both have meat as the primary ingredients, with the pâté slightly higher at 59% (chunks in sauce 54%); followed by a small amount of herbs and berries. Kit sampling some chicken pâté. The pâté also comes in a fair bit cheaper per tin, which will save the pennies if you're on a budget. The main difference is texture, and the best choice will be whatever your cat prefers. There are two kitten pâtés, which is a good option when weaning them off milk onto solid food; and a senior formula for easy chewing. Also in this range are a selection of organic pâtés. Tester's Verdict Drax isn't too keen on pâté and, unfortunately, this wasn't enough to sway him. All flavours were gobbled up by Nobby and Kit without hesitation. Fillets The fillets are a 100% natural complimentary food that can be given alongside any other complete food as a fishy snack. Feeding directions advise giving cats no more than one tin per day. Personally, I'd limit any kind of fish to once a week. Tuna & Chicken Shredded tuna topped with chicken pieces in a mouthwatering broth for cats over eight weeks old, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Tuna 60%, chicken 4%, fish broth. Analytical Constituents: Crude protein 18.5%, crude fat 0.7%, crude fibre 0%, crude ash 1.3%, moisture 78.9%, carbohydrates 0.6%. 86.4 kcal per 100g Tuna Shredded tuna in a mouthwatering broth for cats over eight weeks old, including sterilised ones. Ingredients: Tuna 60%, fish broth. Analytical Constituents: Crude protein 17.4%, crude fat 0.6%, crude fibre 0%, crude ash 1.2%, moisture 80.2%, carbohydrates 0.6%. 80.9 kcal per 100g Drax loves his tuna fillets! Review As a complimentary food, the analytical constituents aren't overly important for these fillets but I've included them as given on the label. All we need to know is that they're high in animal protein and moisture with minimal carbohydrates. Edgard & Cooper only use skipjack tuna in their fillets, as this species is not endangered and richer in flavour. Upon opening the tin, it appeared no different to human food - in fact, I dare say it looked better! Tester's Verdict These pink, fresh, juicy fillets were scoffed in one go by Mr Drax after diving headfirst into the bowl. None of the other cats got a look in, what more can I say? Treats Overview Edgard & Cooper treats offer a selection of pillows, crunchies and rolls for cats over six months old. Main benefits: Made with fresh meat/fish. Grain-free. No added sugar. Packaging All treats come in plastic packaging that's resealable for freshness. They're designed for recycling in many areas but it depends on your local collection. Flavours Flavour options include: Pillows: Chicken; Salmon; Turkey Crunchies: Chicken; Salmon Rolls: Chicken & Turkey; Salmon & Chicken I received the chicken pillows , chicken crunchies and salmon & chicken rolls . Let's take a look! Drax guarding his chicken pillows. Chicken Pillows Delicious rewards that are crunchy on the outside with a soft, creamy centre. Ingredients: Pea starch, chickpeas (dried), fresh chicken 14%, chicken fat, sweet potato (dried), pea protein, lignocellulose, chicken gravy, minerals. Analytical Constituents: Crude protein 17%, crude fat 16.5%, crude fibre 5.5%, crude ash 5.9%. 373 kcal per 100g (less than 2 kcal per treat ) Chicken Crunchies A variety of shapes with a hint of catnip for playing and relaxing. Ingredients: Fresh chicken 30%, potato starch, pea starch, pea protein, potato protein, chicken fat, chicken gravy, lignocellulose, catnip 1%, minerals. Analytical Constituents: Crude protein 33%, crude fat 10%, crude fibre 2.7%, crude ash 5% 378 kcal per 100g Kit hoovering up the salmon & chicken rolls. Salmon & Chicken Rolls Soft, meaty rolls for hunting and chasing. Ingredients: Chicken 76%, salmon 10%, potato flakes, minerals, psyllium seed husks, yeasts. Analytical Constituents: Crude protein 31%, crude fat 21%, crude fibre 2%, crude ash 7%, moisture 27%. 345 kcal per 100g Flossie can't get enough of the chicken crunchies with catnip! Review This is a fun variety of treats for different occasions, with good flavour and texture options for the particular pussy cat. The pillows and crunchies are like standard treat biscuits and contain fresh chicken, as well as potatoes and peas, as main ingredients. The rolls are softer and "meatier", as well as being healthier in terms of nutrition and having the fewest calories per 100g. The pillows are described as containing less than 2 kcal per treat, but there's no saying how this compares to the others. Since treats should be limited and make up less than 10% of a cat's diet, the nutritional specifics aren't too much of an issue, and we still have a healthy dose of fresh meat in there. Which, compared to the usual "meat derivatives" and "vegetable by-products", is worth the extra pennies . Get 20% off your first order over £20 Code: CATMUMJOURNAL20 Tester's Verdict Drax is a big fan of pillow treats and, as expected, he took to Edgard & Cooper's chicken pillows after a thorough inspection. They're a little harder than his usual brands, but he didn't seem to mind the extra crunch of fresh meaty goodness. The chicken crunchies took a little more convincing but eventually disappeared when I wasn't looking - he only went and broke into the bag! Unfortunately, the salmon & chicken rolls were rejected but quickly snatched up by the remaining tester cats. Even Flossie went crazy for them, which is a first. Flossie checking her order. Final Thoughts I’m not exaggerating when I say that I'm shocked at how well Drax and Simba responded to this food, as we all know my fussy felines are less than ideal testers. In my opinion, this only confirms the positive feedback I received from the other kitties. Absolutely nothing went to waste and there were no tummy upsets after eating. I'll almost certainly be purchasing a few favourites in the future! There aren't many cat food brands using fresh meat in their recipes that are available in the UK, and of those that exist, you'll likely find meals containing higher amounts of protein - whether they're as tasty, only your cats will tell you. However, there are many other reasons to invest in Edgard & Cooper. Kit trying to muscle in on Nobby's meal. Ethics and Sustainability The company's ethical practices are impressive to say the least. They do a lot for the pet community, animals and the planet - from charity work to sustainability and the careful sourcing of ingredients. Of course, we can never be sure that suppliers are doing everything they say they're doing, but this is part of Edgard & Cooper's mission. As a vegetarian myself, I wanted to share this important statement from the brand's website: “ We’ve been pushing industry norms: 93% of our meat, fish and offal is of EU standard, where the Five Freedoms are a legal requirement, and we frequently go further than this with higher welfare ingredients in 52% of our products (organic, MSC, ASC, Initiative Tierwohl, plant-based) ." All bowls licked clean! Along with tracing their ingredients and pushing for better animal welfare, Edgard & Cooper have a Zero Pawprint Plan. They're one of the only pet food brands that print the carbon score of their products onto the packaging. It's this level of transparency that helps customers to compare options and make informed decisions about the food they're buying. No cat food is perfect, but I wouldn't recommend any product that I didn't believe had some value - and I certainly wouldn't feed it to my cats. If you're looking for better quality food than what you're currently feeding or want to try something different, Edgard & Cooper is a safe option - especially their wet food, which is more nutritionally balanced in my opinion. If you need help transitioning cats to new food, this post has you covered: How to Change a Cat's Food with 10 Tasty Tips More queues for the treats. Customer Feedback At the time of writing this, Edgard & Cooper has a rating of 4.6 / 5 stars on Trustpilot. This represents a great experience amongst pets and owners alike. Positive feedback includes: Good variety of products for cats and dogs, including those with allergies. Pets love the taste of food, including picky eaters - which I can 100% agree with! Improved health and wellbeing. Fast delivery and easy-to-use website with subscribe and save plan available. Good customer service. Option of donating loyalty points to animal shelters. Only 4% of reviews are less than 3 stars and usually report issues with delivery. There appears to be minimal gut problems or other adverse reactions to this food, and pets rarely dislike it. The company has replied to 99% of negative reviews and frequently offers a solution. Head over to the Edgard & Cooper website to browse their large range of cat and dog food, or check out their blog for some pawsome posts. Don't miss out on getting 20% off your first order over £20 with my exclusive code: CATMUMJOURNAL20 (only valid on the official Edgard & Cooper website). Have you tried this brand? Did your kitties approve? Share your experiences and feedback in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. In this article: Understanding Redirected Aggression Other Causes of Redirected Aggression Signs of Aggression Cat to Human Aggression Redirected Aggression Between Household Cats Separation and Reintroduction More Other Tips Summary Redirected aggression is one of the most common types of feline aggression and can severely damage the bond with other cats and their human guardians. While many relationships can be rebuilt, it takes a lot of time, effort and patience and often results in owners rehoming their beloved furries. Finding a solution can be challenging depending on the cause and severity of aggression; and whether it's directed at other cats or humans. According to the ASPCA , aggression is the second most common feline behavioural problem seen by animal behaviourists. It's taken less seriously than dogs due to a cat's smaller size, but we should note that they have a lot more weapons, with claws as well as sharper teeth. These can cause deep puncture wounds, infections, abscesses and other complications. Understanding Redirected Aggression Imagine a scenario: Cat A is perched on its favourite windowsill observing the scenery when a stray cat strolls brazenly across the lawn. The sight of an intruder on its territory causes Cat A to leap to attention, puffing out its fur like a blowfish. At that moment, Cat B walks into the room and spots Cat A in a heightened state of arousal. It's easy to see how this might cause a terrible miscommunication, since Cat B thinks it's the source of Cat A's aggression and responds by acting defensively - possibly hissing or growling. Cat A, who's already irritated by the stray, decides to lash out at its housemate in a classic case of redirected aggression. This is just one scenario of many and typically happens when an overstimulated cat is unable to reach the source of the fright or whatever has triggered them. Since it can't respond to the stimulus, it displaces or redirects that behaviour onto the nearest available target. Pet Remedy Calming Diffuser contains a low concentration of valerian and essential oils to work with a cat's natural calming mechanisms when tackling stress and anxiety. Ideal for most pets including cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents and birds. In simple terms, you could describe it as being in the wrong place at the wrong time. It's not unheard of for cats to attack their human guardians either - it's important to remember that this isn't a logical response, but survival instinct taking over. Sometimes there can be a delay between the initial arousal and the aggression, from minutes to hours, so the attack seems unprovoked. For example, your cat was startled by a loud noise and hid under the bed. Unaware of the noise, you find your cat some time later and try to pick it up or stroke it, only to receive a painful swipe in return. This is simply a reflex as your cat is overloaded with adrenaline and hasn't had enough time to calm down. Other Causes of Redirected Aggression Seeing or smelling an unfamiliar cat is a common cause of aggression in multi-cat households, but there are some other triggers to be mindful of. Sudden loud noises like fireworks, thunder or car engines popping. New environments such as moving house and renovations. Travelling, vet visits, etc. Introducing new pets, people or babies. Seeing or being approached by other animals, especially dogs. Illness or pain. Furthermore, I've had the privilege of connecting with many cat parents through this blog who've shared their own experiences with redirected aggression. Some of these include: Accident or trauma, whereby one cat suffers a minor injury and takes it out on another resident cat. Owner shouting at their cat and provoking an attack. Building work on a house, causing one cat to start attacking another. Fireworks scaring cats into growling or hissing at humans. PawHut 2-Tier Cat Tower stands at 91cm and features a large top bed with removable cushion and a middle perch. Thick sisal scratch post and particle board frame is sturdy for larger cats. In case you're new here, I have my own story regarding redirected aggression that you can read about here . Aggression looks very similar in cats regardless of the cause, so it's crucial to understand exactly what you're dealing with in order to find the best solution. Learn more about the different types of feline aggression in this detailed post: Aggressive Behaviour in Cats: 8 Types and Causes Signs of Aggression As touched on above, most of us can spot an angry feline whether we know what caused it or not. If two or more cats are tearing chunks out of each other then you know there's a problem, but some behaviours are more subtle. Recognising the signs through body language, postures and vocalisations can significantly reduce the chance of it escalating into a full-blown attack. Some common things to look out for include: Flattened or pinned back ears. Tense facial expression. Wide or slitted eyes. Direct stare with another cat. Fluffed up fur (piloerection). Low or lashing tail. Hunched, rigid posture. Arched back. Hissing, growling or yowling. Pacing. This is only a general list as there are some noticeable differences between defensive and offensive aggression that will tell you if an attack is intentional or the cat is simply frightened. For example, a dominant cat might stand with an arched back and fluffed up coat to make itself look bigger and more menacing. It could even charge at its opponent if it thinks it has no other choice. A submissive or defensive cat will be in a more crouched position with its head and tail tucked in. It does this to make itself look small and non-threatening in order to avoid an unwanted interaction - clever, right? If you're experiencing conflict between two or more cats, then determining if there's a bully and a victim will help a great deal when managing and, hopefully, solving the problem. If you spot any of the signs above then it's advisable to remove any other cats from the vicinity as quickly as possible. For more tips and advice, see this dedicated post: Cat Body Language: Signs of Aggressive Behaviour in Felines Daintry Cat Calming Spray combines feline pheromones with the natural soothing properties of cedarwood to reduce stress and anxiety. Use around the home or spray onto carriers prior to travelling. Aggression and Stress It's also easy for owners to confuse aggression-related signs and symptoms with those caused by stress, especially as the two go hand in hand. It's suggested that stress or anxiety is a cat's emotional response to a perceived threat, and aggression is the behavioural outcome. We have to remember that a cat's survival instinct is part of their evolutionary DNA, and the "fight-or-flight" mechanism can be the difference between life and death. Cats don't want to fight; it's usually a last resort. For redirected aggression to occur, they must be very stressed indeed. Learn more here: Signs of Stress in Cats, Causes and Treatment Cat to Human Aggression Cats will rarely attack humans if properly socialised, so when this behaviour happens out of the blue, there's likely to be an external stressor. Similar to the example scenario above, aggression can be redirected onto people if you disturbed the cat while it was stimulated or tried to approach it. Think about it this way: how many times have you snapped at someone when you're in a bad mood, worked up or flustered? You might not claw their eyes out (even if you really want to) but the fact remains that adrenaline can make us do some crazy and uncalled-for things. Beaphar Herbal Calming Treats contain hop flowers, Melissa and valerian which is known for its calming properties. They help to promote relaxation and reduce the symptoms of stress including scratching, spraying and excessive vocalisation. It's crucial to remain calm and not add to your cat's stress by shouting at or punishing them. This can escalate the situation, further damaging the cat-human bond and putting yourself at risk of physical injury. It can also cause cats to start associating the negative feeling with their owner, provoking more attacks as well as conflict between other resident cats. Here's what you should do to minimise distress: Unless you or your cat are in immediate danger, leave kitty alone to cool off in its own time. Trying to soothe it may cause further arousal and that's when a cat lashes out, if only to escape the situation. Ensure there are plenty of hiding places (cat beds, huts, boxes, underbed spaces, wardrobes, etc). Provide elevated surfaces like cat trees and shelves - think of the wilderness where they'd climb trees to keep a lookout and escape predators. Avoid actions that cats may consider as threatening: grabbing, yelling, making direct eye contact, shutting inside a room (it's easier to remove yourself than a raging furball with claws!). Keep a towel handy so that if you need to restrain your cat, you're both protected. You can use whatever you have nearby to block an attack - a cushion, newspaper - preferably anything but your hands. If you're the target of repeated attacks, try to redirect their focus onto a toy to burn off excess energy. Make sure you use a long-handled toy like a teaser wand to keep a good distance between you and kitty. Reward positive behaviour with treats and ignore the negative - this means ending the play session if necessary. Always let the cat come to you and don't worry about losing your precious bond. If they want attention then you'll know about it - they are felines, after all! For a deeper understanding of a cat's body language and how they interact with other cats and humans, this post is essential reading: How to Read a Cat's Body Language, Behaviour and Communication Redirected Aggression Between Household Cats   Redirected aggression, along with territorial aggression, is one of the most likely causes of fighting in domestic cats and commonly triggered by an unfamiliar feline. If you're lucky then it might be a one-off attack in response to the stimulus, but it can become a more long-standing issue, especially if the target cat retaliates. They may continue to fight whenever they see each other and no longer wish to share a territory. Health The first step when dealing with any kind of aggression, whether it's directed at other animals or humans, is to take your cat for a health check-up. I know - getting your cat to the clinic can be a challenge in itself - but if the solution is as simple as a course of medication, isn't it preferable to weeks or months of stress for the whole family? If you need more vet-related tips and tricks, I've got you covered: How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress Establish the Trigger Assuming your cat doesn't have any medical issues, the next step is to establish the source of fear, stress, anxiety or frustration so you can remove it. This isn't always possible, since we can't simply ask them what the problem is, but if you're observant then they'll show you in their behaviour. If kitty keeps hanging around a particular window, door or cat flap then you should be on the lookout for a four-legged intruder. In which case, you might want to invest in a suitable cat deterrent or other precautions on the off-chance a stray is urine marking outside the house. If your cat acts skittish or hides whenever there's a noise that wouldn't ordinarily bother them, it could be trauma from a memory of a similar experience. They can be on alert for hours or days after a triggering incident, and I've witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of aggression between two sibling cats that had previously got along. In that time, I've learned that prevention is better than intervention. Related post: 3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting Physical Conflict Cases of redirected aggression are almost impossible to predict or prevent, which is what makes it so difficult to solve, and we usually don't know there's a problem until the initial attack. Here are some things you can do when dealing with conflict: If cats are hissing, growling, yowling or staring at each other, place a piece of cardboard or a cushion between them to block off eye contact. My boys would do everything they could to see around the obstacle just to continue their disagreement, but it should give you a chance to usher them into separate rooms. Try distracting with a toy and leading cats away from each other - it helps if you have another person so you can work on both cats. If cats have engaged in a physical fight and you need to intervene, remain calm and don't try to separate them with your hands. Use a long-handled object such as a broom or throw a towel over them before handling. Keep offending cats separated until there's no visible tension. Confine cats indoors so you can monitor their behaviour and prevent aggression from extending beyond their domestic territory. The last thing you want is kitty getting into scraps with a neighbourhood rival and bringing more problems back to the home. Xemz Interactive Feather Cat Toy features a rotating feather that randomly pops out of the holes at different time intervals. The toy starts when cats pass the infrared sensor and has an auto shut-off time of 5 minutes. When my cats were going through their aggressive phase, there were many instances where I had to break up physical altercations. I never advise using hands, but I often did because it was all I could think of in the moment. Fights can break out at any time, and if you're reading this then it's probably happened to you too. While they've never lashed out at me, I noticed that Drax started glaring at my hands and giving some serious vocal warnings. I took this as a firm " Back off, b*tch! " and I sure as hell paid attention. Observation, recognition and understanding go a long way in communicating with your cats, especially where aggression is present. You wouldn't get between two humans beating each other to a pulp, the only difference with cats is that a giant human looming over them increases the fear they're already experiencing. Visit As a last resort, rather than grabbing cats with your hands, stepping between them or using a leg might be less intimidating. When doing this, I found that my cats naturally backed away from me so one could run off and I was able to prevent the other from chasing; but this really depends on the temperament of your cats. As far as standard practice goes, never use body parts! You can find more advice in this dedicated post: Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats Separation and Reintroduction If the fighting persists, you may have to start the separation and reintroduction process. This is a proven strategy recommended by experts and used by animal behaviourists all over the world. There are several stages that cats must go through: Separation Cats are separated for a minimum of 24-48 hours with no visual contact. Cats are rotated around different rooms or areas of the home so they can swap scents and reacclimatise to each other in a neutral setting. Reintroduction Feed cats on either side of a door or baby gate covered with a blanket to maintain the no-visuals rule. Begin by leaving bowls several feet away from the door or barrier and gradually move them closer over the following days. Start allowing visual contact by opening the door a crack or raising the blanket by an inch. If cats display aggressive behaviour such as hissing or swatting, go back a step and continue the process until they're comfortable seeing and eating next to each other. Finally, remove the barrier and use toys, play or treats to distract the attention away from the other cat. This helps to build positive associations and aids the bonding process. For a more in-depth guide where I break down each stage and share my own personal experiences, head over to this post: How to Reintroduce Cats After a Fight in 6 Steps From my correspondence with other parents, the separation process lasts an average of two weeks. This is by no means a set timeframe and each situation will be unique to your cats. In my case, it was closer to six months before they could be left alone unsupervised. Other Tips Territory It's not unusual for cats to become more territorial as tension builds in the home. To reduce competition, you want to ensure there are enough resources for the number of cats you have: food and water bowls, litter trays, beds , toys , etc). They should be spread around the home, and you can add extra territory with cat trees, wall-mounted shelving, ramps and other kitty furniture. Related post: Where to Put a Cat's Food and Water Bowls, Litter Tray, Bedding and Other Essential Resources Shop Pet Furniture → Doing this will also ensure that you're prepared for any unexpected outbreaks, so you already have a space set up for each individual cat. For example, we know that Bonfire Night and New Year attract a lot of fireworks . Prepare a safe room in advance and invest in a calming diffuser or spray like Pet Remedy , which is suitable for most domestic pets. If your cats are extra skittish, you might consider separating them prior to a stressful event so that if one is triggered, they won't have any opportunities to fight. Related post: How to Keep Cats Safe and Calm During Fireworks Feliway Friends Plug-in Diffuser mimics the pheromones that a mother cat releases to her kittens to help reduce tension and conflict in multi-cat households. Calming Products There are lots of products on the market that claim to reduce aggression, many of which are discussed or reviewed on this blog. As touched on above, pheromone diffusers and calming prays replicate the chemicals that cats release during scent marking to create familiarity, reassurance and safety within their environment. They target most stress-related behaviours including scratching , urine spraying , overgrooming, conflict and tension. Calming supplements made from natural, drug-free ingredients are a good short-term option and have less undesirable side effects than traditional medications, but you should always consult with a vet for the most suitable treatment. Read my review of two well-known brands here: Calming Supplement Reviews: ZylKene and YuMOVE Calming Care for Cats (Tried and Tested) Herbal calming treats can be used as an alternative to supplements. You might also have seen collars and spot-ons that release essential oils, such as valerian which is known for its calming properties. Take caution when using anything that changes the smell of your cat, as this could cause them to be more aggressive towards one another. Summary There are no guarantees that damage can be reversed, even if cats were bonded for many years before the aggression started. I understand and empathise with how crushing this is for parents, and I'm always here for a chat if you need it! Your vet is also a valuable source of advice and will be able to refer you to a qualified behaviourist, if you decide to go down that route. In the event that cats can no longer tolerate living together, rehoming may be considered as an option; but there are lots of practical steps you can take to avoid this. You know your situation - and your cats - better than anyone. Do's Don'ts ✓ Seek veterinary advice. ❌   Shout at or punish cats. ✓  Recognise signs of aggression. ❌   Grab or separate cats with hands. ✓  Leave cats to cool off in their own time. ❌   Attempt to soothe an angry cat. ✓  Establish the trigger or source of aggression and remove it (if possible). ❌   Force cats to interact with each other or share a space if they don't want to. ✓  Use distraction techniques with toys and reward positive behaviour. ✓  Provide hiding places and elevated surfaces. ✓  Separate cats if necessary. Mentioned Products Yaheetech Cat Tree Tower Bojafa Teaser Wand Venture Extra Tall Baby Gate Have you experienced redirected aggression towards yourself or another household cat? Get in touch or share your story in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Feline aggression rarely starts with a physical altercation, but it can most certainly end in one if a cat is pushed to its limits. Spotting the signs  early will help to determine how, why and where aggression is occurring; in other words, it's essential to find a trigger. One of the most common issues parents face is fighting in multi-cat households, but aggression can also be limited to one particular kitty. It's not unheard of for cats to attack their human guardians either, which can happen suddenly and without obvious warning. Aggression can be categorised into several different types, which will further explain the cause and, most importantly, how to manage it. Related post: 3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting 8 Types of Feline Aggression: Territorial Non-Recognition Redirected Play Hormonal Fear Petting Maternal ​What Causes Aggressive Behaviour in Cats? In the first instance, a vet visit is essential to rule out medical issues and seek treatment if necessary. If health is good then there's likely to be an external stressor. Cats are solitary predators by nature and don't typically form social groups, therefore competition for resources is part of their survival instinct. Offering multiple food/water stations, beds and litter trays is something you should be doing regardless of whether aggression is present or not. The more we can limit stress, the less chance there is of behavioural problems developing. Just as with humans, stress is the body's response to anything that needs attention. Shop Pet Furniture → Related post: Where to Put a Cat's Food and Water Bowls, Litter Tray, Bedding and Other Essential Resources In cats, this could be triggered by factors such as illness, fear and changes to their environment. Aggression is often a physical manifestation of stress , so it may be worth investing in a behaviourist who can observe your cats and make an accurate diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to understand the different types of aggression and their associated behaviours, some of which I’ve witnessed in my own cats and, hopefully, you can resonate with. Types of Feline Aggression 1. Territorial Aggression ​ We already know that cats are territorial creatures, both inside and outside of the home. Whether it’s spraying over the carpet or finding those pesky poos in your flower beds, our four-legged friends LOVE to mark their territory. A more convenient, less stinky way of doing this is by using the scent glands dotted around their bodies. You’ve most certainly seen them claiming objects around the house by rubbing their cheeks on furniture, clothes, bedding, litter trays - even you! This scent contains pheromones   and is a valuable communication tool used to identify one another; create familiarity and mark a space, person or thing as safe. Feliway Optimum Plug-In Diffuser contains a new pheromone complex for enhanced serenity. It helps to solve common signs of stress including spraying, scratching, fear and conflict. Recommended by vets and behaviourists. Basically, cats love to own stuff! This is a common cause for squabbling, no matter how big or small your household and whether you have two cats or twenty cats. They also have scent glands between the pads of their paws, so you’ll be thrilled to know that scratching serves more of a purpose than pulling up your carpets. Scratchers come in many forms, from traditional posts to corrugated cardboard beds and baskets. Another great option, these SOL Cat Scratching Mats   are crafted from sisal to deter cats from clawing carpets. They can be placed over problem areas and easily stored away. As independent creatures, it’s often said that cats are merely tolerant of each other, but I don’t believe it’s as simple as that. I’ve parented enough cats to know that they’re capable of forming bonds while appearing indifferent to each other on the surface. We see it when one cat dies or is in some kind of distress, others will sense and react to it in subtle or obvious ways. Whether it’s a bond of love or they’re simply used to having each other around, it would be ignorant to think that cats naturally prefer to live alone. They may be content in their own company, but they’ve evolved to accept companionship and are perfectly capable of forming attachments to both animals and humans. PawHut Cat Stand with a round bed covered in plush fabric and sturdy base to prevent toppling. Includes a jute scratching post and hanging pompom. Signs of territorial aggression may include: ​ Squabbling over or around important resources such as food, water, beds and litter trays. Blocking entry/exit points like doorways and halls by sitting or sprawling themselves across the space. Chasing other cats away from what they consider to be their areas. Stalking and ambushing. Spraying or fouling.​ ​ Note that the above behaviours can be displayed in any form of aggression, but there are some basic steps you can take to limit or prevent territorial behaviour. Learn more about how to manage feline aggression  at home. 2. Non-Recognition Aggression ​ This typically happens when cats from the same household are separated and reunited, such as one goes for a vet visit and the remaining cat becomes uncharacteristically aggressive or fearful. It all goes back to the importance of scent, as we see when cats greet each other with a good old butt sniff. A cat can look the same, sound the same, act the same as it always did; but if it smells alien then all hell breaks loose. It may seem strange to us humans that cats can temporarily "forget" each other, but I've witnessed it happen by sight alone. My sister has a cat that wears a cone collar due to a condition that makes her scratch her face, for which she's on lifelong medication. She's perfectly content to wear it, more so than not wearing it, so it's only removed to be washed or changed. Visit The other household cats are so used to seeing her with the collar on that as soon as it's taken off, you have a bunch of nervous, glaring cats that are too cautious to approach their sister. Whether they're spooked by the change of appearance or think it's an entirely different cat, who knows, but this is a great example of how easy it can be for non-recognition aggression to kick in. Being away from home in a strange environment with unfamiliar sights, sounds and smells can cause a lot of stress, which other cats may pick up on and react accordingly. Especially if the returning kitty seems to be cowering, jumpy or skittish as they'll notice behavioural changes, too. As with my sister's cat, it could be a case of removing the collar makes her anxious and tempted to start scratching. All of a sudden you have not one, but two or more anxious cats which can lead to the next type of aggression: redirected. 3. Redirected Aggression ​ As the most common type of inter-cat aggression, this deserves a post all of its own. Seeing a stray cat through a window; loud noises such as fireworks ; moving house; new babies or any kind of stressful event whereby one or both cats take it out on each other - or even humans. This is especially something to watch out for if, like me, you have naturally skittish cats. You can read My Story for a more detailed account of redirected aggression between sibling cats. This type of aggression occurs when an overstimulated cat is unable to reach the source of the fright or whatever has triggered them. Naturally, they'll lash out at nearby animals or people - it's important to remember that this isn't a logical response, but survival instinct taking over. It's happened to me a couple of times when either fireworks or an alarm has gone off, which leads Drax to growl at me and run away. If I was another cat then it's easy to see how quickly the situation might escalate. Cats can be on alert for hours or even days after a triggering incident, and attempting to soothe them may lead to further attacks. Likewise, one wrong or sudden move from a fellow housemate can reactivate the problem all over again. Having experienced first-hand the devastating effects of redirected aggression, I've learned that prevention is better than intervention. It can take a lot of time and effort to identify and eliminate a problem, but there are no guarantees that damage can be reversed. Unfortunately, many cases of redirected aggression lead to cats being rehomed - but I'm here to help you avoid that. You can find more advice in this post: Redirected Aggression in Cats: Causes and Solutions ​ 4. Play Aggression Kittens that were removed from their mother and littermates too soon may be unsocialised, leading to inappropriate play such as biting or scratching. In short, they don’t know when enough is enough because they’ve never had another cat to teach them boundaries, either by ending the play session or retaliating. This can also apply to humans if, for example, a feral cat has never had human interaction - or owners have been teaching their cats bad habits. Using hands to play with kittens is a strict no-no. When training excitable or aggressive cats, long-handled toys like the Hianjoo Feather Wand help to keep you at a safe distance. Wands are retractable and reach up to 81cm, with 10 teasers to choose from including feathers, worms and tails. Cats with too much energy may also get a kick out of randomly pouncing on their housemates, which on first impression could look like an attack. Let me tell you that it can be rather thrilling for a cat to hide around a corner waiting for someone or something to walk past, as it utilises their natural hunting instincts. What one cat deems to be fun and exciting, the recipient may find annoying and take as a challenge or a threat. My own cats aren't particularly energetic, but quite often they can't resist the urge to swat each other on passing. This can be a completely harmless attempt to initiate play, so offer plenty of toys  and enrichment  such as scratch mats or posts, particularly in those ambush areas. Learn how to   spot the differences between fighting and play  to better understand your cat's needs and requirements. Daintry Cat Calming Spray combines feline pheromones with the natural soothing properties of cedarwood to reduce stress and anxiety. Use around the home or spray onto carriers prior to travelling. 5. Hormonal Aggression Cats reach maturity between 2-4 years of age and may develop territorial tendencies, particularly unneutered males and females in heat. Urine spraying can be predominant around this time, which can cause serious problems for homeowners and other cats alike. Sexual hormones are a common culprit for territorial aggression, and probably the most easily solved. It’s important to neuter or spay all parties and, if necessary, begin the separation and reintroduction process. 6. Fear Aggression Similar to redirected aggression, cats may attack due to new stimuli such as a person, animal, noise or trauma from past events. For example, your cat had an unpleasant vet visit or suffered abuse in its previous home and, as a result, has developed negative associations with certain places or people. Thus it becomes a case of reprogramming and reassuring the cat with positive associations, while giving them the space to approach humans in their own time. If your kitty isn’t fond of someone, a visitor or new partner for example, let that be the only person who feeds, treats, pets and plays with them while they’re in the household. Be encouraging rather than intrusive and before you know it, kitty will have a new best friend! 7. Petting Aggression How many times have you been happily petting a cat when, suddenly, it swats or bites your hand? I’ve found myself in this situation more than once - more fool me for approaching cute kitties in the street. This is particularly dangerous where children are concerned, but I’m an adult with no excuses. Reasons for this behaviour are largely unknown but can be linked to overstimulation or lack of socialisation. While your average cat would walk away once it’s had enough interaction, others just like to say: “ P*ss off !” We also have to appreciate that cats may not like certain parts of their body being touched, in particular the back, rear and top of the head. This can be startling and you might be mistaken for a nasty predator. The stomach too is a vulnerable area, so belly rubs probably aren't the best idea. Beaphar Herbal Calming Treats contain hop flowers, Melissa and valerian which is known for its calming properties. They help to promote relaxation and reduce the symptoms of stress including scratching, spraying and excessive vocalisation. For everyone’s safety, let the cat come to you and show you where it wants to be petted. Offer a hand (lower rather than higher to kitty) let it absorb your scent and, once comfortable, it might demand a cheek rub or ear scratch. Stay away from the chin and mouth areas unless you trust the cat and stick to shorter durations of petting. Step back at the first sign of aggression and don’t resume: this lets kitty know that such behaviour is ignored and not rewarded. Most parents know when their cat has reached its petting "threshold" but some things to look out for include: A swishing or thumping tail. Flattened ears. Twitching or shifting body positions. Giving your hand the side-eye. Failing to recognise these signs is a human error, so it's pointless blaming the cat. Related post: How to Read a Cat's Body Language, Behaviour and Communication 8. Maternal Aggression Queens that have recently given birth and are nursing their kittens, understandably, may not appreciate intrusions by other animals or people. This usually subsides as kittens get older but, in the meantime, offer a quiet environment and do not disturb - torture, I know! Summary In very rare cases, cats may be diagnosed with what's known as idiopathic aggression, which refers to aggressive behaviour with no underlying cause. Without a cause, unfortunately, there can be no treatment. That's why it's even more important to rule out every other type of aggression beforehand. ​ Cats that exhibit idiopathic aggression can lash out at any time, making them incredibly difficult and even dangerous to live with. Medication and behavioural training can be effective in managing the condition, but if other pets or humans are at risk then it's wise to consider rehoming to a more suitable environment. In a worst-case scenario, vets may suggest euthanasia - this should only be a last resort if and when all other options have been explored. Regardless of the cause or type of aggression, it’s important to remain calm and not get angry or frustrated at a cat that's crying out for help. Mentioned Products SOL 2PK Cat Scratch Mat Bojafa Feather Wand Set Have you witnessed aggression in your own cats? Let us know if this article helped to understand why it might be happening.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Recommendations are based on extensive research into products, brands, customer feedback and my own reviews wherever applicable. The modern kitty has an array of luxurious bedding on offer, but which one to choose? Does your kitty love to snuggle up or stretch out? Do they enjoy bonding time with the family or hideaway dens to escape the hustle and bustle of human traffic? While cat trees and perches are essential pieces of feline furniture, most will appreciate the extra level of comfort from their very own cat bed. Related post: Small Cat Tree Stands and Towers for All Cats (Tried and Tested) 10 Best Types of Cat Beds: Bedsure Cat Sofa Bed Enjamoy Plush Donut Bed SUOXU Plush Cat Bed Pologmase Cat Igloo Furjoy Cat Cave D isdain Cute Cat Bed Bedsure Cat Basket MORA PETS Self-Heating Mat Petlicity Pet Radiator Bed GUUSII HOME Window Hammock ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Bedsure Cat Sofa Bed This stylish pet sofa is crafted with soft faux fur and offers a cosy place to relax with the family. It provides optimal head and neck support and is filled with chopped foam and polyester fibre filling, offering a balance of comfort and support. It has a non-slip bottom and the cover is removable for easy machine washing. The Bedsure Sofa Bed is available in dark grey or brown to suit your home decor and furnishings. It's designed for medium-sized cats of all ages and is especially good for seniors that can't jump onto higher surfaces. Customers are happy with the product size and say the medium is generous for large breed cats. Unlike other pet sofas, it stays firm without sagging under your cat's weight, but some mention that the material could be softer. A few owners find the assembly a little tricky. Sizes: Small: 61cm (l) x 46cm (w) x 25cm (h) Medium: 76cm (l) x 51cm (w) x 25cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 200+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Enjamoy Plush Donut Bed The Enjamoy Donut Bed is made from plush shaggy fabric with extra thick PP cotton filling for a warm, cosy nap. The raised rim supports a cat's head and neck, and it's great for joints and muscles. The bed has an anti-slip and water-resistant bottom to help it stay clean. The donut design is ideal for pets that like to curl up and creates a sense of security for nervous kitties. It comes in multiple sizes and a choice of colours: grey, dark grey, pink and brown. Due to the height, it may not be easily accessible for seniors or very young kittens. Customers describe the bed as soft, fluffy and good value for money; but a little small in the centre. Make sure you refer to the size chart for the inner dimensions and measure your cat to ensure it fits in the dip. To stop the bed from flattening over time, plump it up to retain its shape. Sizes (may vary): 50cm x 50cm x 20cm 60cm x 60cm x 20cm 70cm x 70cm x 20cm 80cm x 80cm x 20cm ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 3,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ SUOXU Plush Cat Bed The SUOXU Cat Bed is designed to keep pets toasty warm during colder months. It has a plush roof stuffed with foam and is suitable for cats that like to hide and nest for increased security. You can also fold down the roof to create a donut bed. The product is available in grey, beige or pink and each have different sizes. It has an anti-slip bottom and is machine washable. This bed is recommended for cats up to 7kg or 10kg depending on which size you choose, but some customers say it's not suitable for larger cats. Do check the inner dimensions as well as overall size before buying. It's praised for being ultra soft and cosy but easily collapses if pets jump on it. Since the bed arrives vacuum packed, instructions from the manufacturer advise giving it two weeks to decompress to its rigid state. Sizes (may vary): 50cm (l) x 50cm (w) x 35cm (h) 65cm (l) x 65cm (w) x 40cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 2,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐ Pologmase Cat Igloo Igloos provide another comfortable, private hideaway for cats to rest and nap. This has a 2-in-1 feature that makes it easy to fold up and use as a second style of bed, with highly elastic sponge to help it bounce back into shape and warm plush velvet. The removable cushion can be placed inside the tent or on top of it when collapsed. The cushion is machine washable but the igloo is hand wash only. Owners appreciate the Pologmase Igloo for shy cats but say it might be a squeeze for larger adults. The cushion isn't the softest, but you can use your own or pad it out with a folded blanket. It also collapses if jumped on so may need popping back up if you have excitable kitties! Dimensions: 36cm (w) x 36cm (d) x 38cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐ 3 / 5 Based on 500+ Amazon reviews. Shop pet supplies → 30% off orders over £39 with code: UKNEW30 →  Click to accept 100 coupon bundle →  Click to accept ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Furjoy Cat Cave The Furjoy Cat Cave has a top platform for lounging and an enclosed den for multiple cats to use at once. It includes two reversible cushions with breathable felt cloth on one side and thick sherpa on the other, making it perfect for all seasons. The cave is constructed with sturdy, lightweight MDF boards and features a scratch pad on one side, with a hanging pompom for extra enrichment. It pops up for quick assembly and can be folded flat for easy storage or travel. The compact but classic style works well in any room. Customers appreciate the product's value for money and say it does everything it's supposed to do. It's surprisingly sturdy and roomy for most medium-sized cats. Dimensions: 39cm (l) x 39cm (w) x 38cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 400+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Disdain Cute Cat Bed This unique cat bed has a cartoon design with two ears and a hanging pompom so cats can rest and play at the same time. It's stuffed with soft cotton padding and has a removable cushion inside. It has a non-slip bottom and is hand washable. Customers say the Disdain Cat Bed is comfortable, spacious and cute. However, the material receives mixed feedback and some find it a little cheap, saying it doesn't hold its shape and is easily squashed. The product arrives vacuum packed so it'll need a good 24 hours to decompress to its full rigidity. Dimensions: 40cm (l) x 40cm (w) x 34cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 300+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Bedsure Cat Basket This soft sherpa basket features a double-sided pillow for all seasons, with a suede exterior to keep its shape. It has an anti-slip bottom and is machine washable. It's available in two sizes and various colours including grey, pink and blue. Owners find the Bedsure Cat Basket to be of good quality and comfortable for cats. The padding is nice and soft around the edges but not as sturdy as a hard-sided basket. The small size is said to be spacious for medium-sized cats, with the large one ample for larger breeds and small dogs. Sizes: 51cm (l) x 48cm (w) x 15cm (h) 63cm (l) x 53cm (w) x 20cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 2,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ MORA PETS Self-Heating Mat Keep your cat toasty in cold weather with the MORA PETS Self-Heating Mat, no electricity needed! This is designed to absorb, hold and reflect your pet's body heat to provide natural warmth. The thermal bed is made from ultra-soft fluffy fabric with a removable cover for machine washing and drying. It's available in light grey, dark grey and beige. The self-heating technology claims to decrease pain associated with arthritis for senior cats, as well as providing extra warmth for hairless breeds. All it needs is a pet's bodyweight to start the warming process. This unique feature is much appreciated by cats, with customers praising the warmth, softness and comfort of the bed. There are two sizes to fit most cats and, while it may not be the thickest mat, you can place it on top of a pillow, blanket or other cat bed for extra comfort. Sizes (may vary): Small: 61cm (l) x 45cm (w) Medium: 74cm (l) x 47cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 400+ Amazon reviews. Shop Pet Furniture → ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Petlicity Pet Radiator Bed Radiator beds are perfect for keeping cats snug during the winter months and provide an ideal spot for your feline to curl up and relax. The cover is made from soft faux fur material with a collapsible metal frame for easy storage. The large hooks fit most radiators and it's suitable for pets up to 5kg. The cover can be removed for easy washing and it's available in grey, black or white. Customers find the Petlicity Radiator Bed to be ultra soft, good quality and easy to attach to radiators. The frame itself is sturdy but moves when cats jump on and off, which deters my cats from using this type of bed. Since there's no solid base, it also dips beneath the cat's body weight so may not be suitable for larger or heavier cats. Dimensions: 46cm (l) x 30cm (w) x 25cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 3,000+ Amazon reviews. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ GUUSII HOME Window Hammock The GUUSII HOME Window Hammock has a steel frame with a weight-bearing capacity of 18kg. It's sturdy and durable with four suction cups to provide a safe place for cats to rest without breaking or falling off. Cats can jump up and down with ease to make use of their natural climbing abilities. The hammock allows cats to bask in the sun and observe the outdoors without damaging your decor. It can be folded up when not in use (not on the plush side due to the higher sides) making it a great space-saving piece of furniture for indoor cats. The cover itself is double-sided for all seasons, with cushioned plush on one side and breathable mesh on the other. It features a zipper design so can easily be removed for washing, and it's available in white or grey. Owners say the hammock is easy to mount with great stability and doesn't budge, even with heavy cats. While it holds larger breeds, it might be a bit of a squeeze for two cats unless they like to cuddle! Dimensions: 53cm (l) x 30cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 700+ Amazon reviews. Has your kitty got a favourite bed or do you have any great cat buys to share? Drop your recommendations in the comments to help out fellow parents.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. In this article: How Many Calories Do Cats Need? Resting Energy Requirements Total Energy Requirements Cat Body Condition Score Calculating Portion Sizes How Many Calories Do Cats Need? When it comes to cats and calories, it's important to recognise the many factors that affect their energy levels and requirements. Some of these we can incorporate into our calculations, while others require a more specialist approach. Here are some examples: Age Kittens need more energy and therefore more calories to support growth and development. When feeding commercial food, you'd normally give them a kitten formula to meet these requirements. As cats age, their metabolism and activity levels slow down so they need fewer calories but higher quality protein to help combat muscle wastage. A specialised senior diet can be beneficial and reduce the risk of malnutrition. Pregnancy Pregnant cats require more calories and protein. Throughout the duration of their pregnancy, their food intake increases up to twice the amount of what they'd normally be eating. This increases further during lactation up to six times! Neutered/spayed status A cat's metabolism slows down after sterilisation due to hormonal changes, which means they need fewer calories to maintain their energy levels. It also affects appetite-regulating hormones, so you may notice that they're hungrier than usual. Studies show that male cats eat about 50% more post-operation. They also become less active, which causes many cats to gain weight. Exercise Indoor cats are generally more sedentary than those with outdoor access. Likewise, outdoor cats need extra fat during the winter months. You might have seen commercial food tailored to indoor cats with adjusted nutrient contents that take into account inactivity, metabolism and urinary health. Related post: 5 Indoor Cat Foods Rated: Are They Really Worth it? This article is intended for healthy adult cats over 2kg and up to 45kg. It's highly unlikely that you have a cat this heavy, but the formula can be applied to dogs of the same criteria. This formula is not suitable for pregnant or lactating cats . If you have a senior cat or feed a prescription diet, you should consult a vet for advice. For kittens, see the dedicated sections. Resting Energy Requirements Resting energy requirements (RER) refers to the amount of energy that cats require for maintaining basic bodily functions. Simply, RER = kcal/day (how many calories your cat needs per day as a bare minimum ). *For the purpose of this article, kcal simply refers to calories. Spritool Pet Scale for small to medium pets under 30kg. Features advanced sensors for high accuracy and a hold button to lock in weight when your pet stops moving. Measures in kg, lb, oz and grams. Calculate RER Step 1: Accurately weigh your cat on a pet or baby scale like the one pictured above. You can use normal scales by weighing yourself holding kitty and weighing yourself separately, then deducting the difference. Depending on scale sensitivity, this should give you a rough estimate. Step 2: Calculate RER with the standard formula as used by veterinarians (adult cats only): RER = 30 x (body weight in kg) + 70 Example: Drax weighs 5 kg. 30 x 5 (kg) = 150 150 + 70 = 220 This means that Drax's resting energy requirement is 220 calories per day. Kitten RER The formula for kittens under 2kg (or pets over 45kg) is slightly different: 70 x (body weight in kg) 3^4 OR √√ (BW in kg x BW in kg x BW in kg) x 70 In this example, we'll be using the second formula because it's easier to break down and I prefer it. Mini weighs 1.45 kg . Using a calculator: 1.45 x 1.45 x 1.45 = 3.04 Now type in the following: √√ 3.04 = (1.32) 1.32 x 70 = 92.4 Mini's RER is 92.4 calories per day. Next, we can use these numbers to determine your cat or kitten's total energy requirements. Total Energy Requirements Total energy requirements (TER) can also be referred to as maintenance energy requirements (MER). This represents the adjustments you'll need to make to your cat's daily calorie intake based on variations like age, sex, activity levels, body condition and neutered/spayed status. There are cat calorie calculators online that may factor in some or all of the above, which I'll link down below. As a general guide, you can work out the most common variations using the following formulas: Normal/active neutered or spayed adult cats RER x 1.2 Normal/active non-neutered or non-spayed adult cats RER x 1.4 Underweight adult cats RER x 1.8 Overweight adult cats (where the goal is weight loss) RER x 0.8 Inactive/obese prone adult cats (not overweight) RER x 1.0 Kittens aged 0-4 months RER x 2.5 Kittens aged 4-12 months RER x 2.0 Calculate TER Using the example above, we already know that Drax's RER is 220 calories per day. Drax falls into the category of a normal/active neutered adult cat = RER x 1.2 220 (calories) x 1.2 = 264 Drax's total energy requirements are 264 calories per day . It's important to note that this is just an estimate and doesn't take into account every single variation or the individual cat. Some vets use a more generalised RER calculator as shown in the image below. Image credit: Hill's Pet Nutrition We can see from the table that the RER for a 5kg cat is 234 calories , which is slightly more than the 220 calories using the standard formula. Since these are recommendations only, information will vary from source to source - which is why it's crucial to monitor your cat's weight. If you're worried or unsure about how much to feed your cat, the best person to advise you is a vet who can do a physical examination in order to determine health and body condition. Here are some handy online calculators that are free and simple to use: Purina MER Calculator for Cats UK Pet Food Calorie Calculator for Cats Vetcalculators Caloric Requirements Pet Nutrition Alliance Calorie Calculator Cat Body Condition Score Sometimes it's hard to tell if a cat is under or overweight due to their thick fluffy coats, and many owners don't know how much their cats should weigh. To help with this, you can use what's known as the Body Condition Score, as pictured below. If you decide to use an online calculator for working out calorie intake (TER) then you'll likely need to familiarise yourself with this, and it's useful to know in general. Image credit: APOP The Body Condition Score chart uses a combination of visual checks and touch to assess fat and muscle coverage. This helps to determine whether a cat is underweight, overweight or at an ideal body condition. The Association for Pet Obesity Prevention is a great resource and provides a step-by-step guide for owners to follow at home. Calculating Portion Sizes Once you know your cat's recommended calorie intake or TER, you can create tailored portion sizes. In the UK, the calorie content of cat food isn't usually stated on the packaging - this is something else we have to work out. For reference, see this dedicated post: How to Calculate the Calorie Content of Cat Food Example: Drax requires 264 kcal per day. His food contains 350 calories per 100g. First, we need to calculate the calories per gram of cat food. 350 (calories) / 100g = 3.5 So, 1 gram provides 3.5 calories . Since Drax needs 264 kcal per day: 264 / 3.5 = 75.42 Drax should be fed approximately 75 grams of the example cat food. Lastly, divide this number by the amount of meals your cat has per day. If Drax has 2 meals then I'd give him 37 grams per portion. Note that this doesn't factor in treats, which should be deducted from TER and make up less than 10% of a cat's diet. I hope this article has been of use and, remember, your local vet is always on hand to give you more personalised advice regarding your pet's diet. They might also recommend a qualified veterinary nutritionist who can guide you through the process of developing a suitable meal plan. *All calculations are estimates. Actual calorie requirements may vary, but these guidelines are a good starting point for understanding a cat's basic nutritional needs. Drop a comment to let us know if this helped you or your kitty!

In this article: How to Calculate Calories in Cat Food How Many Calories Does My Cat Need? No one enjoys counting calories, and when it comes to our pets, we have the additional problem of not knowing what or how much they should be consuming. Some cat foods will give you the calorie content per cup, kilogram, 100g - or per can/sachet of wet food - but more often than not, we're left guessing. This doesn't pose much of an issue, since most owners don't know how many calories their cat should be eating. Most of us abide by the feeding instructions of any particular food, which are usually based on the weight or life stage of cats. However, it doesn't take into account other factors such as body condition, health status and lifestyle. For example, if your cat is obese and you're feeding it based on its current weight, then it'll continue being obese until you reduce its portion sizes. Likewise, a sedentary indoor cat won't require as many calories to burn off as an active outdoor cat. This lack of understanding leads to many domestic cats being overweight and developing associated health conditions. Related post: 5 Indoor Cat Foods Rated: Are They Really Worth it? Food manufacturers are partially to blame, with a lack of transparency regarding the ingredients going into food. In my previous post, I broke down the formula for calculating carbohydrates with a step-by-step example, as this information isn't included on a cat food label. As quoted on the FEDIAF website: " There exists no minimum level of carbohydrates which needs to be in pet food, but carbohydrates provide a concentrated source of dietary energy and dietary fibre. " What this really means is that grains and vegetables are used to bulk out food as a cheaper source of protein. Since it's not listed as an independent nutrient value, we have no way of knowing how much protein comes from animals and how much comes from plants. This isn't an issue with dogs, who've evolved to survive on a combination of both; however, cats are - and always have been - obligate carnivores. With some foods containing as little as 4% meat, it's crucial that we as owners take a closer look at what we're feeding our cats to prevent and avoid long-term health conditions. Research into the effects of carbohydrates in a cat's diet has mixed results, which you can learn more about here: Cats and Carbohydrates: Is Dry Cat Food Bad for Cats? How to Calculate Calories in Cat Food Work out the carbohydrate content While carbs aren't important for a cat's survival, we still need to know how many are in our cat's food in order to calculate the calories. We can do this using a simple formula. Find the analytical constituents section on your cat food label and add up the percentages of protein, fat, fibre, ash and moisture. Example: Protein 27% + Fat 16% + Fibre 2.5% + Ash 7% + Moisture 8% = 60.5% Subtract the total from 100: 100 - 60.5 = 39.5 This means the carbohydrate content per 100g of the example cat food is 39.5% . If the percentage of moisture isn't listed then you can assume it's between 8-10%. For more tips and advice, including how to calculate nutrients on a dry matter basis, refer to this dedicated post: How to Calculate Carbohydrates in Cat Food and Understanding Dry Matter Basis Work out calories per gram Before we can work out the total amount of calories in cat food, we have to know how many calories are coming from protein, fat and carbohydrates. Each gram provides the following unit of energy: 1 gram of protein = 3.5-4 calories 1 gram of fat = 8.5-9 calories 1 gram of carbohydrates = 3.5-4 calories You'll notice that these numbers are approximate, which means the final result cannot be guaranteed. We know from the example in step one that the protein level is 27% , the fat level is 16% and carbohydrates are 39.5% . This means that in 100g of cat food, there are 27 grams of protein, 16 grams of fat and 39.5 grams of carbohydrates. To get the total amount of calories from these figures, we have to multiply them by the number of calories that each gram provides. Visit Example: Protein: 1 gram of protein provides 3.5 calories. Since there are 27 grams of protein in this cat food, we multiply that number by 3.5 so it looks like this: 27 (grams) x 3.5 (calories) = 94.5 This means that 94.5 calories come from protein. Fat 1 gram of fat provides 8.5 calories. 16 (grams) x 8.5 (calories) = 136 136 calories come from fat. Carbohydrates 1 gram of carbohydrates provides 3.5 calories. 39.5 (grams) x 3.5 (calories) = 138.25 138.25  calories come from carbohydrates. Add up total calories To find out the total calorie content, all that's left to do is add up the numbers above. 94.5 calories (protein) + 136 calories (fat) + 138.25 calories (carbohydrates) = 368.75 Therefore, this example cat food contains 368.75 calories per 100g. Other considerations The number above becomes a little higher if we use the upper range of energy units. If we consider that: 1 gram of protein = 4 calories 1 gram of fat = 9 calories 1 gram of carbohydrates = 4 calories Based on these numbers, the total calorie content of the example food becomes 410 per 100g, which is a difference of just over 41 calories. This seems like a large gap, but consider too that feeding directions provided by manufacturers (as stated on the packaging) are only a guideline. Some cats may need more or less than recommended and the same applies here. Keeping track of your cat's weight and monitoring any changes should be standard practice regardless of how you manage portion sizes. You could start somewhere in the middle - in this example, approximately 390 calories - and take it from there. How Many Calories Does My Cat Need? Now that you have a better understanding of what's going into your cat, you can go beyond generic feeding instructions and adapt the portion sizes according to your individual cat's requirements. You can find everything you need to know in this dedicated post: How Many Calories Does My Cat Need? If you need a little more help or prefer a quicker solution, I've linked some cat calorie calculators below that are free and simple to use. You'll need information such as your cat's age, sex, weight, activity levels and reproductive status, and the results will show your cat's total energy requirements. Spritool Pet Scale for small to medium pets under 30kg. Features advanced sensors for high accuracy and a hold button to lock in weight when your pet stops moving. Measures in kg, lb, oz and grams. Online calculators may not be 100% accurate because all cats are different, much like humans, but it'll give you a better idea of how much to feed your cat. You should always consult with a vet if you're unsure, especially if the goal is weight loss/gain. It's important to monitor you cat's weight and overall health, ideally on a weekly basis to ensure they're getting sufficient calories. Use one of these calculators to get your cat's total maintenance energy requirements (MER): Purina MER Calculator for Cats UK Pet Food Cat Calorie Calculator You don't have to be an expert in feline nutrition to control what and how much your cats are eating. Many opt for commercial food over fresh or homemade because it's easier to understand, only it's not so easy when a lot of information and ingredients are hidden from us. Even commercial food needs a little tweaking to prevent issues like obesity, and I hope this article provides a step in the right direction! *Information provided by the manufacturer will be most accurate and may differ slightly from manual calculations due to unknown variables. The formula above is only a guideline if the calorie content of food is not stated on the packaging. Have you started counting your cat's calories? I know it can be challenging at first, so feel free to leave a comment if you need any hints or tips.

In this article: How to Calculate Carbohydrate Content Dry Matter Basis Summary How many carbohydrates are in your cat's food? You won't find the answer on a packaging label, or anywhere for that matter. Since carbohydrates aren't necessary in a cat's diet, manufacturers aren't required to disclose this information, despite most dry foods containing an average of 30-40%. Sources of carbohydrates like veggies and grains are cheaper than using animal-based protein. A wild cat gets everything it needs from the meat, organs and bones of prey - including a very small amount of plant matter from the stomachs of animals. This would already be partially digested and therefore easier for a cat's body to break down. The ingredients in commercial food must be heavily processed, which proves the point that carbohydrates are unsuitable for cats. They're mainly used as fillers to bulk out food and can contribute to weight gain, diabetes, allergies, urinary tract disease and other health issues. Carbohydrates are a highly debated topic, but if you want to learn more then it's all broken down in this eye-opening post:   Cats and Carbohydrates: Is Dry Cat Food Bad for Cats? Visit Regardless of opinion, we should be aiming to feed our cats as close to a natural diet as possible, which means paying attention to those carbohydrate levels. Once we know that, we can work out the total calorie content . There's nothing wrong with contacting the manufacturer to get the carbohydrate/calorie contents of food - in fact, it's recommended for the most accurate information - but you could be waiting a long time for a response. With a few simple calculations, we can smash through this lack of transparency and discover the truth about what we're feeding our cats to make more informed decisions. *Manual calculations are estimates only, since there are many other unknown variables. How to Calculate Carbohydrate Content Let's look at the formula for working out carbohydrates per 100g of cat food. Step 1: Look for the "analytical constituents" section on your cat food label or packaging and note the percentage of protein , fat , fibre , ash and moisture . Technically, moisture only has to be listed if it's greater than 14%. This won't be a problem with wet food, but if dry food doesn't state the moisture content then you can either contact the manufacturer or assume it's between 8-10%. Step 2: Once you have these numbers, add them all up and subtract the total from 100. IAMS Advanced Nutrition Indoor Dry Cat Food Using the image above as a reference: 36.5% (protein) + 12% (fat) + 6.9% (fibre) + 6.4% (ash) + 8% (moisture) = 69.8% 100 - 69.8 = 30.2 So, the carbohydrate level in this dry food is 30.2% . It’s important to learn how to compare this to wet food as the results will appear significantly different. Gourmet Mon Petit Meaty Variety Wet Food Using the same formula: 12%  (protein) + 2.6%  (fat) + 0.05%  (fibre) + 1.7%  (ash) + 81.5%  (moisture) = 97.85% 100 - 97.85 = 2.15   The carbohydrate level in this wet food is 2.15% . By contrast, it seems as though wet food has a lower amount of protein, fat, fibre and ash due to the higher moisture content. The percentages shown on a cat food label are "as fed" which gives us the nutrient values with moisture included. For a true comparison, we have to remove the moisture to find what's known as the "dry matter basis" or DMB. Shop Premium Cat Food → Get 20% off your first order over £20 Code: CATMUMJOURNAL20 Dry Matter Basis Use the following formula for calculating food on a DMB. For reference, I'm using the same wet food as pictured above. Step 1: Subtract the moisture content from 100. 100 - 81.5% = 18.5 This means the total percentage of food that isn't moisture is 18.5% . Step 2:   Divide the "as fed" percentages shown on the label by the dry matter percentage we've just calculated (18.5%) then multiply the result by 100. *Results rounded to the nearest whole number for ease. Protein: 12% / 18.5 = 0.64 x 100 = 64 The amount of protein on a DMB is 64% . Fat: 2.6%  / 18.5 = 0.14 x 100 = 14 The amount of fat on a DMB is 14% . Fibre: 0.05%  / 18.5 = 0.002 x 100 = 0.2 The amount of fibre on a DMB is 0.2% Ash: 1.7%  / 18.5 = 0.09 x 100 = 9    The amount of ash on a DMB is 9% Carbohydrates: 2.15% / 18.5 = 0.11 x 100 = 11 The amount of carbohydrates on a DMB is 11% The same formula can be used on dry food, which is why it's beneficial to find out the exact moisture content if possible. You can see the results displayed in the table below, which gives us a fairer comparison of wet and dry food. Dry Food Wet Food Protein: 39% Protein: 64% Fat: 13% Fat: 14% Fibre: 7% Fibre: 0.2% Ash: 6% Ash: 9% Carbohydrates: 32% Carbohydrates: 11% *Percentages as DMB If you'd prefer a quicker option, there are plenty of carbohydrate and/or dry matter basis calculators online; but it never hurts to understand the mathematics so you can double check if necessary. I like this carb calculator from Caticles that's simple to use, with helpful instructions and feeding tips. For converting nutrients to a dry matter basis, you can use this calculator from the Feline Nutrition Center . To learn more about your cat's energy needs and requirements, check out this helpful post: How Many Calories Does My Cat Need? Summary While there are lots of factors to consider when choosing a quality cat food, from vitamins and minerals to additives and preservatives, this should give you a basic understanding of the key nutrients that are essential for a cat's survival. Commercial pet foods are formulated to be nutritionally balanced according to guidelines set by the FEDIAF (European Pet Food Industry) or AAFCO in the States. However, don't be fooled into thinking these guidelines are designed for cats to thrive at peak health. Rather, they're the minimum requirements to maintain basic bodily functions. As a reference point, the FEDIAF guidelines for a complete food for adult cats are: Protein: 26% (DMB) Fat: 9% (DMB) Fibre: no minimum requirement for carbohydrates. Compared to a natural diet in the wild, which consists of approximately: Protein: 55% Fat: 43-44% Fibre: 1-2% These numbers vary slightly depending on source but, nevertheless, it explains why commercial food is so carb heavy. Grains and vegetables are used to make up for the substantial lack of animal protein and fat, which is a greater energy source than any other nutrient. If you need more convincing, remember that a mouse is made up of 70% water. Cats restricted to a dry food diet are at serious risk of dehydration, on top of other deficiencies caused by low animal protein substituted with an excessive amount of carbohydrates. For a more natural and species-appropriate diet, you might consider raw feeding or a fresh cat food company like KatKin . Find out more here: Fresh Raw and Cooked Cat Food: Tailor-Made Nutrition Sent to Your Door! Did you find this carb calculator helpful? Has it changed the way you feed your cats?

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. All photos are my own and previously unpublished. I am not being paid to promote any of the products mentioned in this article. In my previous post, Why Do Cats Scratch and How to Stop It? , we looked at some of the reasons why kitty might be pulling up your carpets and tearing stuffing out of your sofa. Scratching is a natural behaviour but can become destructive if cats aren't given the resources to sharpen and maintain their claws. Scratching also provides exercise, enrichment and the opportunity to scent mark . A variety of fun and engaging scratchers is essential to keep cats happy and protect your home furnishings, so let's dive into some tried and tested options to suit every cat. Cat Scratchers: ; Cardboard Scratcher Basket Wooden Scratch Board Sisal Cat Hammock Cat Sofa with Sisal Pad Sisal Scratcher Bed PawHut Cardboard Lounger PAWZ Road Scratching Board Conlun Cat Scratching Box PETEPELA Cat Scratcher House Cardboard Scratcher Basket These scratcher baskets are typically available in small, medium and large sizes with a choice of oval or round styles. They're made from high-density corrugated cardboard with a textured surface and raised edges for cats to nap and rest in. Since cats like to scratch after waking up, it's an ideal solution. These are both of my boys' favourite type of scratcher, although Simba can't resist the carpet on occasion! The thickened card is sturdy enough to hold a human's weight, but some owners find that they don't withstand scratching for longer than a couple of weeks. By contrast, mine have lasted over a year but it depends on your kitty's enthusiasm levels. The baskets are fairly inexpensive depending on where you shop and what size you require. Be sure to check measurements before purchasing as a lot of customers find that they're smaller than they appear in photos - if anything, I'd suggest sizing up. They also have a tendency to flip over due to the edges being wider than the base, which might be funny for you but not so much for kitty! Due to the material and texture, they're not the easiest to clean. Overall, most cats seem to love these baskets. Worst-case scenario, if you have multiple kitties then you might find yourself investing in a few more to prevent squabbling! Sizes (may vary): The baskets pictured are extra large: Oval 58cm (l) x 42cm (w) Round 55cm x 55cm Small: Oval 43cm (l) x 26cm (w) Round 35cm x 35cm Medium: Oval 47cm (l) x 32cm (w) Round 45cm x 45cm Large: Oval 53cm (l) x 36cm (w) Round 50cm x 50cm ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 100+ Amazon reviews. Wooden Scratch Board This 3-in-1 scratch board and lounger is constructed from solid wood and recycled corrugated cardboard. The wooden frame protects the edges of the scratcher for extra resilience, while adding a bit of height which my cats love. Some assembly is required, but you can choose from three different scratching angles by altering the leg positions: flat, 40° and 70° (almost vertical). When used flat it can double up as a bed or resting spot, with a curved design that's suited to a cat's delicate spine. The overall product is sturdy, well constructed and long lasting, with positive feedback from customers. The only issue I've found is that it's easy to flip over if kitty puts its weight on either end (kind of like a seesaw) which has led to a few scares! Sizes (may vary): The scratch board pictured is medium: 49cm (l) x 29cm (w). Small: 43cm (l) x 25cm (w) Large: 55cm (l) x 30cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 200+ AliExpress reviews. Visit Sisal Cat Hammock This cat hammock is crafted from a solid wooden frame and natural sisal pad that's durable and fray resistant. It has a curved design for a comfortable sleeping position and comes in various lengths so cats can stretch their bodies. The scratcher is easy to assemble with a modern design that blends in nicely with home living spaces. Since it's built like a hammock, the material has some give which might put cats off as they prefer to have solid footing. It's easy to clean by removing the sisal mat for washing. Customers appreciate the scratcher as a practical solution for claw maintenance without the shedding you get with cardboard. However, some cats prefer it as a bed which could be due to the movement when scratching. It's not the sturdiest of structures, especially if you have heavier cats - mine haven't used it at all. Sizes (may vary): The hammock pictured is medium: 50cm (l) x 32cm (w) Small: 39cm (l) x 32cm (w) Large: 60cm (l) x 35cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 100+ Amazon reviews. Cat Sofa with Sisal Pad A cosy cat sofa that combines lounging and scratching with soft plush and a durable sisal pad. The sofa is a good size, with plenty of length for stretching and a raised back for comfort. It's built with anti-slip feet that give it a small elevation off ground level. I really love this sleek little sofa; it's durable and weighty and looks great in the living room. Unfortunately my cats have completely ignored it, which is a shame given that it's a slightly more expensive option. If your cat likes sisal then most reviews agree that this is a worthy purchase, but mine seem to prefer cardboard. Dimensions: 61cm (l) x 38cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 300+ Temu reviews. Sisal Scratcher Bed This multi-functional cat bed is crafted from natural sisal to provide a texture that cats are inclined to scratch, while being comfortable and durable. It has an anti-slip base and foamboard padding, which makes it lightweight and a tad spongey. The scratcher doubles up as a cosy bed with a dipped centre - I almost want to take a nap on it myself. The cute design isn't an eyesore in the home and it's suitable for cats of all ages and sizes. It comes with an attached ball for extra engagement, prompting kitty to use its claws. Customers love the cute design and spacious size, but some cats don't like standing on it due to the foam being a little soft. Even if it's not used as a scratcher, it has the advantage of making a great bed and toy. Dimensions: 61cm (l) x 40cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 2,000+ Temu reviews. PawHut Cardboard Lounger This stylish scratcher is purrfect for the pampered puss while complementing your home decor. It's made completely from cardboard to satisfy your cat's urge to sharpen their claws, and the elevated position entices them to sit and lounge on their own piece of furniture - giving them less need to scratch yours! Admittedly, I bought this for the cool design but also because my cats love their cardboard baskets; although it's mainly hogged by Drax. The PawHut Lounger comes in several designs if you shop around, and the free catnip is a bonus. Customers love that the scratcher matches their decor, say it's good value for money and lasts longer than standard boards. They're spacious enough for most adult cats but larger breeds might be a squeeze. Dimensions: 60cm (l) x 29cm (w) x 26.5cm (h) Seat: 33.5 (l) x 26cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 90+ Amazon reviews. Shop pet supplies 30% off orders over £39 with code: UKNEW30 →  Click to accept 100 coupon bundle →  Click to accept PAWZ Road Scratching Board This unique design by PAWZ Road is constructed from BC and BB corrugated card for enhanced firmness and durability. It offers three pose positions to adapt to cats' different scratching angles and can be placed horizontally or vertically, making good use of household spaces. Additionally, the multi-functional scratcher combines claw sharpening with sleeping and playing. Cats can use it as a lounge spot, bat the ball nestled in the recess or play hide-and-seek in the hole. Since the middle block can be removed from the slot, you're getting an extra scratcher for free. I initially placed a couple of these in the hall when my cats went through their aggressive phase, hoping it'd provide a distraction from glaring at each other. It helped somewhat with Drax, but Simba completely ignored them - and I don't think they've ever noticed the ball, but that's my boys all over! Customers appreciate the product's large size and sturdiness, and cats can make use of the 3-sided scratching board by turning it around when one side is worn. It also makes a great ramp for senior cats and kittens that need help climbing onto higher surfaces like sofas. As with all cardboard scratchers, try to keep it clean and dry. Dimensions: 71cm (l) x 19cm (w) 31cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 600+ Amazon reviews. Conlun Cat Scratching Box Cats love a good box, and the Conlun Scratching Box has multiple uses. It provides a secure, enclosed space for resting, with two side holes for swatting toys and playmates. The scratcher can be placed inside as a base or used separately, and it's made from high-density recycled cardboard which is reversible for extended use. The great thing about these boxes is that they trap loose shavings to keep floors clean, reducing the need for constant sweeping. Many owners find this engaging enough to deter cats from scratching furniture but, as always, double check the measurements as adult cats may need a larger size. As well as sizing, boxes come in a few different colours and designs, with extra scratch boards or additional cat toys. Despite this being a versatile product, some customers complain about it being expensive for what it is, especially as you could make your own version at home. To save a few pennies, check out this how-to guide: DIY Cat Toys That Are Cheap and Easy to Make: Step-by-Step Guides Dimensions: 43.2cm (l) x 25cm (w) x 12.7cm (h). ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. Shop Pet Furniture → PETEPELA Cat Scratcher House The PETEPELA Scratcher House has three sides of high-density recycled corrugated cardboard with a front and back made from solid wood, including a doorway and peepholes. Cats can lounge on the top or nap inside, with multiple surfaces for scratching and territory marking. It also comes with a removable spring mouse toy for batting and swatting. The house can be tucked away in a corner and easily blends in with the home; however, it's quite compact inside. Drax is 5kg and barely squeezes into it, while Simba has never made the attempt! Customers find it easy to assemble, great for kittens but too small for large adult cats. Dimensions: 30cm (l) x 30cm (w) x 40cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 400+ Amazon reviews. In summary, cardboard and sisal scratchers are great alternatives to standard posts, especially for cats that prefer to scratch horizontally. Cardboard typically has more shedding and may not last as long, but cats are attracted to the texture; while sisal can better withstand excessive scratching and provides a deterrent from your carpets. Those with incorporated toys offer extra enrichment, while baskets and loungers are multi-functional for smaller living spaces. There are lots of options and styles available, and these are just a few examples to get you started. Hopefully, I've given you some ideas for adding a bit of fun and variety to the home - and more importantly, kitty's environment. Happy shopping! Information accurate from February 2026 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Do you have any of these scratchers at home or something similar? Share your buys and inspo for other pet parents.

Welcome to your dedicated savings page! As an affiliate for some great pet care brands, I'm fortunate to get an early look at upcoming sales, discounts, offers and exclusive deals. I created this space as a quick and easy way to share this information, as I'm not a fan of spammy promotional emails - but I do love saving money! Below you'll find discounts, coupon codes and more from large and small brands like Zooplus, Aosom, Petlibro, KatKin and others. Remember to check back regularly so you don't miss out on updates, and you can subscribe for new post alerts. You can also check out my eBay storefront for product recommendations and popular picks. I may receive a small affiliate commission on purchases made through these links, at no cost to you. Featured Promotions Aosom Edgard & Cooper KatKin Omlet Petlibro Temu Zooplus *I am not responsible for any invalid codes or offers. Aosom Save on pet furniture! Sorry, no featured deals - check back soon. Edgard & Cooper Save on premium cat and dog food! Exclusive Code Get 20% off your first order over £20 with code:   CATMUMJOURNAL20 Click to visit site → KatKin Save on fresh cat food! Trial Box Get 20% off your 14-day trial box.   Limited promotion. Click to view offer → Scoop Litter Try scoop litter with 50% off.   Limited promotion. Click to view products → Omlet Save on catios, cat trees, scratch posts, beds and other pet essentials! Spring Sale Get 20% off selected items.   Valid until 8th March. Click to visit site → Petlibro Save on smart pet care, fountains and automatic feeders! Exclusive Codes Get 18% off all standalone products with code: PLAFF18 Valid until 31st December 2026 Click to view products → Get 20% off all product bundles with code: PLAFF20 Valid until 31st December 2026 Click to view bundles → Temu Save on cat toys, bedding, scratchers and other pet supplies! New User Offer Get 30% off orders over £39 with code: UKNEW30 *Capped at £25  Click to activate offer → 100 Coupon Bundle Bundle of 100 coupons. Valid until 23:59 of the next day. Click to activate coupons → Zooplus Save on pet supplies! Sitewide Discount Get 10% off orders over £59. Valid until 31st March. *Limited to new customers. Click to view site  → Zooplus Originals Get 20% off Zooplus Originals with code:  ZOOPLUSORIGINALS20   *Limited to new customers. Valid until 31st March. Click to view products → Clearance Sale Various reductions on cat products.   Limited time only. Click to view products → Cat Product Reductions Various reductions on cat products.   Limited time only. Click to view products → Cat Food Reductions Various reductions on cat food.   Limited time only. Click to view products → Want to keep up to date with special offers? You can now follow me on Ko-fi and become a member for exclusive perks. *Disclaimer: I am not being paid to promote any of the products or brands mentioned on this page. However, I may receive a small commission if you purchase through these links, at no cost to you. This helps with the upkeep of my blog (and the occasional treat for my fur children) for which we're truly grateful!

" After 12 terrifying days of conflict between Israel and Iran, a fragile ceasefire is in place. But for the animals, the nightmare is far from over. As bombs fell and civilians fled, countless pets were left behind - abandoned in shattered homes, or dropped at overwhelmed shelters by desperate families with nowhere else to turn. These animals didn’t deserve this. They are hungry, terrified and in urgent need of help ." - Network for Animals Impacts of Middle Eastern War on Animals In a time of chaos and uncertainty in the Middle East, millions of human lives are affected - yet the consequences of war extend far beyond people to their beloved pets, who are often left behind. The pain and suffering of animals may be less visible, but it remains just as severe. Even wildlife is unable to escape the horror, with the destruction of their habitats causing issues such as: Increased competition for resources. Forcing animals into human-populated environments like towns and cities, which are unsuitable and lead to dangerous encounters for both humans and animals. Poaching in areas where law enforcement is weakened, pushing species closer to extinction. Pollution and contamination of soil and water. In addition to pets and wildlife, farmers in Gaza have reported the deaths of thousands of cattle, goats and sheep due to food and water shortages. Israeli bombardment has even destroyed Gaza zoos, and the animals that survived are left starving alongside their human caregivers. Efforts from charities and welfare organisations to aid animals in conflict zones face significant hurdles. Rescuers often struggle to access dangerous areas, have limited resources and no government funding. Still, they risk their lives every day to reach as many abandoned, trapped and injured animals as possible. This isn't limited to the Middle East but conflict around the world - our planet earth - which the powers that be are so desperate to destroy, without care or consideration for its other inhabitants. Credit: AEA & LTAL Network for Animals and Partners " At Starting Over Sanctuary (SOS) in central Israel, our team cares for over 1,700 animals - 1200 of them donkeys, many maimed and traumatized by war. SOS has just rescued a horse and 60 cats who were severely injured - some dismembered, others blinded by shrapnel - after a devastating missile strike in Tel Aviv. The sanctuary is already struggling to cover its skyrocketing monthly expenses for food and medical care for more than 1,700 animals. Now, with dozens of new traumatized and wounded rescues in need of emergency surgery, food and shelter, the costs are rising by the day ." - Network for Animals Network for Animals' partner shelters in Israel and the West Bank are at breaking point. Let the Animals Live (LTAL) shelter is at 120% capacity, with over 300 cats and dogs crammed into every available space. Families whose homes were destroyed are begging them to take in pets that they can no longer care for or don't have permits to cross international borders. At the Animal Environment Association (AEA) - the only shelter in the West Bank area - animals arrive every week that have been hit by cars, shot or abandoned. Donations and adoptions have slowed, the cost of food is rising and supplies are running out; yet each day brings more rescues, more cries for help and more hungry mouths to feed. Sulala Animal Rescue On a smaller scale, yet equally as noteworthy, Sulala Animal Rescue is the only organisation in the Gaza Strip that rescues stray animals. Founder, Saeed Al Err, started out feeding and tending to stray cats and dogs, and he quickly built up a reputation in the area. In addition to the 40 cats he keeps at home, another 30 live with volunteers and he oversees a shelter that's home to 200 dogs! Sulala Animal Rescue primarily runs on donations, which don't cover all of the necessary costs. Now, with an endless flood of abandoned and injured animals that have been traumatised by war, times are harder than ever. Credit: Sulala Animal Rescue A Call to Action From one cat owner to another - one animal lover to another - can you imagine being faced with the impossible decision to leave your furry companion behind in the desperation to save your own life? I implore you not to let the pets of the Middle East be a mere afterthought and help to make their lives just a little more bearable - not just for the animals, but for the owners they were torn from. Even the smallest donations are put to good use at Network for Animals, an organisation that I've followed and supported since the invasion of Ukraine, which opened my eyes to the brutal - and at times, unseen - effects of war. As history repeats itself, again, we must unite to make a difference. If you're unable to donate, you can use the power of your voice and social media to share information. Education is key in tackling the impact of war on animal life and, on a broader scale, global awareness can help to generate increased support for conservation and rescue efforts. Remember, the wellbeing of animals is intertwined with our own. You can help by: Staying up to date with this topic on the Network for Animals website or making a donation . Following Sulala Animal Rescue on Facebook , Twitter , Instagram or TikTok where you can find their donation details. Donating to other animal welfare organisations that have placements in the Middle East. Sharing this post and other articles. * Network for Animals is a non-governmental, international animal welfare organisation that often works in difficult situations where animals need the most help. With your donations they can rush food, medicine and emergency care to the helpless animal victims of this brutal war, as well as supporting their partners in rescuing animals with nowhere else to turn. Credit: Said Khatib/AFP via Getty Images " The suffering of animals knows no borders. " " Photos and videos of dead animals, emaciated dogs, starving cats and flocks of birds in Gaza have been circulating on social media since the war began in early October. Many were killed, but others starved to death. The survivors are traumatized. Some also suffer physically in the absence of veterinary care ." - M&S Research Hub " The scarcity of food and shelter has led to immense suffering, especially among cats, dogs, horses, donkeys and birds.... We don’t have a presence in the affected region. We have been signposting our supporters to Sulala Animal Rescue and encourage donations to this organisation so they can provide aid and practical support to animals caught up in the conflict.... At the request of Sulala we have written to the US Government, Israeli Ambassadors in key locations and the Israeli Government imploring them to allow aid for animals through the checkpoints. " - World Animal Protection " We at IFAW extend our heartfelt concern for the people and animals enduring the current conflict in Israel and Gaza. We express our condolences for the innocent lives lost and our profound sympathy for the people and animals affected by the turmoil. We acknowledge the immense challenges faced by families forced to flee, being separated from loved ones and leaving behind their beloved pets and livestock, adding another layer of tragedy to an already devastating situation ." - International Fund for Animal Welfare Share your thoughts in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Introducing a cat into the family is an exciting journey filled with companionship, adventure and bundles of curiosity. If you're a first-time cat parent or transitioning from caring for other pets, there are some important factors to consider. With a reputation for being independent serial nappers, it's no surprise that people are unprepared for the more demanding side of cats. As highly territorial creatures that are prone to stress , problems can arise quickly if they're not given the opportunity to exhibit their natural instincts and behaviours. From nutrition and enrichment to comfort and harmony in multi-cat homes, our feline friends have some unique needs that are vital to their health and wellbeing. These essential tips will help you to navigate the joys and challenges of cat guardianship and decide whether it's the right pet for you. 11 Tips for New Cat Owners: Choosing a Species-Appropriate Diet Creating a Safe Space Scratching Opportunities Removing Household Hazards Shedding and Grooming Litterbox Hygiene Enriching Activities Establishing a Routine More Indoor or Outdoor Cats Vaccinations and Microchipping Financial Considerations Choosing a Species-Appropriate Diet Every species of animal has specific dietary needs, including humans, but cats are described as obligate carnivores, which means they require animal protein to survive. This makes them a little more complex than dogs, who've evolved to thrive on a combination of animal and plant-based foods. Start by choosing a high-quality diet based on your cat's age, health, activity level and, in some cases, breed. For example, kitten food is rich in protein and more calorie-dense for growth and energy; while seniors benefit from a diet that focuses on hydration, weight management and joint support. Edgard & Cooper Chunks in Sauce made with fresh meat and gently cooked. Grain-free with no artificial colours, flavourings or preservatives. Most cat food manufacturers offer a selection of wet food and dry food (kibble). Wet food is preferable and highly recommended by experts due to its high-moisture content, which is vital for hydration and urinary tract health; animal-based protein and a lower amount of carbohydrates . Be sure to check the ingredients list to avoid any unspecified meat by-products (the rubbish parts!). Dry food is often packed with fillers like grains and vegetables, but many opt for it due to the lower costs and longer shelf-life. However, that doesn't make it the best choice for your cat. In fact, you might find yourself forking out more on vet bills in the long-run! If your budget stretches a little further, fresh cat food companies are a great premium option that formulate tailored recipes using 100% animal protein, without all of the additives and fillers contained in commercial food. Related post: The Truth About Commercial Cat Food: What Really Goes into Your Pet's Food? Creating a Safe Space Cats communicate primarily through scent, and entering a new environment risks a sensory overload, particularly if you have other pets or noisy children. Designating a private room or area within the home provides a safe retreat until they're ready to integrate with other family members (both animal and human). You can provide a cosy bed , huts or boxes to hide in; but underbed spaces and wardrobes work just as well. Cat trees and shelves provide height advantage, which they'd use in the wild to keep a lookout for predators. Make sure you provide food, water and a litter tray nearby so they don't have to venture too far. Shop Pet Furniture → Gradually introduce your cat to different parts of the home to help them adjust at their own pace. The more secure they feel, the faster they'll settle into their forever home. To aid the process, pheromone diffusers can be used to create a safe and relaxing environment. Related post: Best Cat Calming Plug-in Pheromone Diffusers (Tried and Teste d) PAWZ Road 3-in-1 Cat Scratching Board is durable and versatile, with 3 sides and multiple angles to adapt to a cat's preferred scratching position. Cats can bat the ball nestled in the recess or play hide and seek in the hole. Scratching Opportunities It's essential to offer a variety of scratch posts, mats and boards to give cats plenty of choice as to where and how they sharpen their claws. Otherwise they'll opt for furniture, wallpaper, carpets or anything else that takes their fancy - which isn't ideal for anyone, especially if you live in rented accommodation. Cats rely on their claws for defence, hunting and marking their territory using scent glands  between the pads of their paws. They're also natural climbers, so providing an array of horizontal and vertical surfaces like cat trees and shelves encourages exercise and exploration of the environment. The more time they spend on fun activities, the less attention they'll place on destroying your home furnishings. Related post: Why Do Cats Scratch and How to Stop It? Removing Household Hazards Safety is a top priority when it comes to the curious cat. Remove hazardous items like cords; plants or flowers that are toxic to cats (e.g., lilies, daffodils); medications and small objects that can cause choking. You should also be mindful of cleaning products and fragrances that can irritate a cat's sensitive nose and respiratory system. Opt for pet-safe or plant-based cleaners that are better for the environment, too. Discover more household hazards in this detailed post: 8 Common Household Items That Are Dangerous or Toxic to Cats Other precautions you should take include securing windows and balconies to prevent escape. Statistics show that falls and traffic accidents are amongst the most common causes of injuries in cats. Shedding and Grooming Cats shed - a lot - and you'll notice their favourite lounging spots by the pile of fur left behind. If you suffer from allergies, particularly to fur or dander, then there'll be problems no matter how many lint rollers you have. Regular brushing   can help to reduce the amount of hair floating around, as well as hairball formation as cats will swallow less when grooming themselves. Short-haired cats need occasional brushing, while long-haired breeds require daily grooming to prevent matting. You might also want to invest in a decent vacuum cleaner! Litterbox Hygiene Just like humans, cats value bathroom privacy and there are so many styles of litter tray available on the market. Stainless steel is preferable to plastic as it's easier to clean and doesn't absorb smells. Typically, cats like to observe their surroundings and toileting puts them in a vulnerable position. Covered or lidded trays can obscure their view, as well as causing territorial disputes around the entrance. If one cat decides to block access then others may be put off using it at all. Stainless Steel Litter Box has a smooth surface that prevents litter from sticking to the bottom and doesn't absorb smells. High anti-splash sides help to contain litter and are easily removed for cleaning. However, this should be judged on a case-by-case basis as timid cats may appreciate the extra privacy. Make sure to check regularly for mess because enclosed trays can trap the smell. If you have limited space - apartments, for example - then you can get litterboxes disguised as furniture. Whatever style you choose, it should be scooped daily and more often if you have multiple cats. Experts recommend one litter tray per cat, plus one extra - and this goes for all of a cat's resources, including food and water bowls; beds and scratch posts. If problems arise then you might consider moving trays to a more private area or review the type of litter you're using. Options include clay, pine, wheat, paper, silica gel, clumping, non-clumping and others. Enriching Activities Cats require mental as well as physical stimulation. Wild cats and those with outdoor access spend their days hunting, climbing, chasing and exploring. You can replicate this in an indoor environment with a variety of toys and climbing areas like cat trees and shelving. Rotating toys helps to keep cats engaged as they have a short attention span and will lose interest over time. Balls, mice, feather wands, interactive toys   and catnip   are a few options, or you can save money by making your own DIY creations . Shop smart fountains and automatic feeders → Enrich cats with different sounds, smells, tastes and textures, such as toys that squeak or crinkle; cat grass and food puzzles. Feeding mats like the Bugalugs Licky Mat   feature different surface textures that encourage cats to lick and dig for food, turning eating into a playful experience. Creating a cosy window perch allows your cat to observe the outside world, birds and other wildlife. Establishing a Routine Cats are creatures of habit with impeccable body clocks. Scheduled feeding times help to reduce stress and conflict with other cats, since they know when they'll be getting their next meal. Wild cats have to rely on hunting and prey opportunities, which adds to their territorial natures. Related post: Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats Daily play and exercise are beneficial for anxiety and behavioural problems, particularly if cats are left alone for long periods of time or you work long hours. They'll learn to anticipate your return, which is great for bonding and establishing a deeper level of trust. Your cat will associate you with love, care and attention. Indoor or Outdoor Cats Indoor cats  may be a topic of debate, but giving them the most fulfilling life possible while keeping them safe and secure rests on factors such as home environment, owner lifestyle and the individual cat. Consider the following: Do you live on or near a main road? Is the neighbourhood heavily built-up with lots of traffic, noise, dogs, children and other things that could scare cats into running away or being hit by vehicles? Do you live in a small one-bed apartment or a large two-storey house? Are you able to adapt your living space to include all of the essentials that a cat needs to thrive? Are you planning on owning more than one cat and, if so, is your home big enough to accommodate them? Do you have a secure garden? Are you able to cat-proof outdoor space with fence panels, catios or other enclosures? This is a great way to prevent cats from roaming into unfamiliar or dangerous territories. You can also supervise outdoor time by walking cats on a harness and leash . Does your lifestyle allow enough time to spend playing with your cat? Despite their independence, stimulation is vital for preventing boredom that can lead to behavioural problems like anxiety and aggression , particularly with indoor cats. The age, breed, health and history of your cat will help to determine the most suitable environment. Naturally, kittens need more attention than seniors; while Bengals and Siamese are known for being extra playful and energetic. Rescue cats that have been subjected to trauma or abandonment may be better suited to quiet, single-cat homes. Vaccinations and Microchipping Cat owners in the UK face a hefty fine for not complying with microchipping laws, but this should be standard practice regardless of region. Getting your pet microchipped gives the best chance of locating them if they go missing, reducing the alarming number of strays on the streets. According to the ASPCA , microchipped pets are twice as likely to be returned if lost. Outdoor cats should also be fitted with a collar and ID tag stating the owner's name and contact number. Neutering or spaying , vaccinations, flea control, worming and annual vet check-ups are essential for keeping cats healthy and preventing long-term issues. Visit Financial Considerations Many new parents overlook the financial responsibilities associated with cat ownership. As a bare minimum, initial start-up costs include: Neutering or spaying. Vaccinations, flea and worming treatments. Microchipping. Food and water bowls. Litter trays and scoops. Bedding and cat trees. Scratch posts. Toys. You'll also need monthly supplies of food, treats and litter. If your cat has to go on a prescription diet then it can drastically increase food costs. Depending on activity levels, toys and scratchers will need replacing when worn. According to Smarter Finances , the average cost of keeping a cat in the UK is £50-£150 per month. Add onto that any unexpected vet bills and it can shoot up into the hundreds. To alleviate some of this burden, you might consider investing in pet insurance. Many plans cover emergencies and routine care; by shopping around, you can find a policy that suits your needs and budget. Planning ahead ensures you can provide consistent care for your feline friend without facing financial strain. If you're considering taking your pets abroad, this article from GoCompare is a useful resource: A Guide to Travel Insurance with Pets Visit Summary Cat ownership isn't just about welcoming a new pet into your home, but embracing a relationship that's filled with learning and growth. By recognising your cat's behaviour, you can understand their needs and preferences to create an environment where they flourish. These foundational tips will launch your journey into becoming a knowledgeable cat parent, building a relationship based on patience, love and understanding. Seeing your pet happy and healthy is one of the most rewarding experiences. Other helpful posts for new cat parents: Where to Put a Cat's Food and Water Bowls, Litter Tray, Bedding and Other Essential Resources How to Read a Cat's Body Language, Behaviour and Communication 20 Surprising Facts You May Not Know About Cats Mentioned Products Bugalugs Licky Mats Taoqimiao Cat Tree Tower MEOWFIA Cat Bed Cave Are you new to cat parenting? Let us know in the comments if these tips helped!