*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. "Curiosity killed the cat" is no laughing matter when it comes to potential household hazards. While some of these things seem like common sense, others are so normal to us humans that they're easily overlooked as harmless. This rundown of common household items that could be toxic or dangerous to cats helps to raise awareness, so you can take preventative measures and ensure your home remains a hazard-free zone. If you're planning on adopting a cat for the first time or want to ensure your space is as cat-friendly as possible, be sure to read this helpful guide: Indoor and House Cat Care Guide 8 Household Items That Are Toxic or Dangerous to Cats: Cleaning Products Essential Oils and Fragrances Plants Medications and Supplements Human Food Foreign Objects Electrical Cords Washing Machines and Dryers 1. Cleaning Products Many household cleaners contain chemicals that are toxic to cats. A sparkling floor may look and smell pleasant to you, but think about how close your kitty's nose and mouth are to the ground. If they lick bleach or disinfectant residues off surfaces - or their paws - then it can cause serious damage to their mouth, throat and stomach. Breathing in fumes, particularly ammonia based, can also irritate their eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Products you should avoid include disinfectants; antibacterial agents; bathroom, toilet and oven cleaners; stain removers and mould treatments. If using any of the above, ensure the room is closed off to pets and open a window for ventilation. Pet Fresh Cleaner & Disinfectant for indoors that can be used as is or diluted up to 100:1, with multiple scents to choose from and a whopping 5 litres. Keeps the house smelling fresh for days. Here are some alternative cleaning methods you might consider: Eco-friendly or plant-based cleaners. Products that are labelled as pet-safe. Natural cleaners such as baking soda and vinegar. So too, remember to properly rinse any washing detergent off your pet's food bowls after cleaning. 2. Essential Oils and Fragrances Pets come with some less than pleasant odours, so it seems like the obvious thing to light a candle or oil burner to mask the pong. We might think natural scents and oils are better for animals than synthetic chemicals or air fresheners, but there are a few reasons why essential oils aren't safe for cats. Namely, they contain substances that can be ingested orally and absorbed through the skin. Even residues from a diffuser can stick to fur and, as cats are self-groomers, there's always a risk of them licking it off. Cats have difficulty metabolising substances due to low liver enzymes, so it does carry a risk of poisoning and toxicity. Daintry Cat Calming Spray combines feline pheromones with the natural soothing properties of cedarwood to reduce stress and anxiety. Use around the home or spray onto carriers prior to travelling. We should also bear in mind that a cat's sense of smell is fourteen times stronger than a human's, so breathing in concentrated fumes can be unpleasant as well as irritating the respiratory tract. Most essential oils are toxic to cats, but in particular you should avoid tea tree, peppermint, citrus, pine, eucalyptus, lavender, cinnamon and ylang ylang. Valerian is used in many cat-calming remedies on the market, including diffusers , sprays and herbal treats. Related post: Holistic Cat Care: Natural Support for Feline Health and Wellbeing 3. Plants Have you ever wondered why your cat seems to have an obsession with chewing plants? It's thought that in the wild, cats eat grass as a natural emetic to expel hairballs, bones, feathers and other indigestible materials. You might have seen this with your own kitties if you've ever watched them in the garden, as it's not unusual for them to vomit afterwards. Similarly, grass could have a laxative effect to help rid themselves of parasites and such through the other end. Other theories include a boost of extra nutrients and simply enjoying the taste! While a lot of plants and flowers are safe for cats to be around, some can be poisonous if ingested: lilies, tulips and daffodils to name a few. Be sure to research house plants that are toxic to cats before placing them around the home to check you're not putting kitties in any unnecessary danger. Bamboo and spider plants are examples of safe greenery, or if it's purely aesthetic then consider buying artificial ones. Of course, the best way to prevent chewing or accidental swallowing is to simply not have plants in your home or place them out of reach - although some would argue that nowhere is out of reach for our feline friends! Check out these extensive lists of cat friendly plants and flowers from the Cats Protection website.    4. Medications and Supplements We're not just talking about the human kind - even veterinary prescribed medicines can result in overdose or sickness if one cat eats another cat's medication. Cats are secret chewing machines and will pierce through blister packets containing paracetamol, ibuprofen, antidepressants or anything else for that matter. Keep medications stored inside a sealed container, cupboard or drawer. The same goes for supplements, as it's so easy to lose pills that can roll under furniture waiting to be gobbled up. Think of pets like children: if it looks like a sweetie then there's a 100% chance that it tastes like a sweetie! YuMOVE Calming Care contains natural ingredients to help reduce stress, anxiety and support calm behaviour. Easy opening capsules so powder can be sprinkled over food. Flea and tick treatments also fall into the "commonly overlooked" category of dangerous substances. Just because they're formulated for cats doesn't mean they can't cause problems if ingested. * Most treatments are applied topically to the back of the neck, but you should monitor cats as much as possible to stop them from licking it off or prevent other cats from grooming them. If your kitty licks a small amount of flea treatment then it's usually harmless - the bigger hazard is chewing or puncturing the containers themselves. Only use treatments recommended for felines, as those made for dogs can be poisonous and potentially fatal to cats. As well as storing them out of reach, you should consider separating pets after applying topical treatments in the first instance. If your cat has any adverse reactions such as vomiting, diarrhoea or seizures then contact your vet immediately. *When using flea/tick treatments or any prescription medications, always follow veterinary advice and stick to product instructions.   5. Human Food Aside from the obvious (meat) human food should be off the kitty menu. If my Drax spots a tea or coffee mug lying around then he's straight in it; meanwhile, Simba can sniff out a piece of chocolate from a mile away. Along with alcohol, caffeine and chocolate are amongst the worst things you can offer a cat! Did you know, too, that cats are lactose intolerant? We associate them with milk due to kitten feeding, and cats will surely connect drinking milk with those positive memories. They're also drawn to the fats and proteins in dairy products, which along with the high calorie count, can cause upset stomachs, diarrhoea and weight gain. Human food contains way more fats, salt and sugar than a cat needs or can properly digest. Other foods that can be toxic to cats include garlic, onions, chives, grapes, raisins, currents and mould from spoilage. Salty meats like ham and bacon should also be avoided.    6. Foreign Objects Cats, aka our resident chew machines, will eat almost anything they find lying around: plastic bags and wrappers, foil, food packaging, earplugs (yes, I've witnessed it) and even another animal's fur. I can speak to most of these things, with a plastic-obsessed kitty that hoovers up anything from cellophane to dust balls - who needs kids, right? Just like children, vigilance is essential to avoid those emergency vet trips . Cats will usually regurgitate or excrete most foreign objects if they're small enough to pass - tinsel poops have become a Christmas tradition in our house, which isn't as funny as it sounds. Intestinal blockages and choking can be fatal without medical intervention. Common choking risks in cats include: Rubber bands. Hair bobbles. String, thread and dental floss. Bottle caps and wine corks. Plastic wrappers. Cotton buds or swabs. Bones or fish bones. Small toy parts (bells, batteries, etc). We can't follow our pets around 24/7, but thorough and regular housecleaning goes a long way.   7. Electrical Cords We know how much our feline friends love to play with string - or anything long and dangly - which in itself can cause problems if swallowed. It's therefore a no-brainer that loose or exposed wires should be tucked out of sight, out of reach. Consider investing in some wire protectors if your kitty takes a liking to your electricals, and ensure plugs are switched off when not in use - hey, you might save a few pennies in the meantime. Electric shocks aren't the only danger, particularly if you have a hyperactive kitten tearing around the place. No one wants their bundle of joy getting tangled or worse.   8. Washing Machines and Dryers Guys, I'm not being overdramatic. Please, keep doors closed when machines aren't in use because cats will climb into anything that seems like a safe place to nap. One of my boys got trapped behind a loose skirting board - for once, I was glad of his annoyingly shrill meow! Kittens are hard to spot, and you know how this horror story ends without me providing any visuals. I know personally of more than one fur baby that lost their lives to a washing machine, so be vigilant and be safe! Signs of Poisoning in Cats There are many different reactions to poisoning that will depend on the type or nature of the poison. Some of the signs that your cat might have been poisoned include: Vomiting or diarrhoea. Drooling. Difficulty breathing. Seizures. Shock or collapse. Decreased appetite. Depression or lethargy. Coma. The best thing you can do for your cat in cases of poisoning (toxicosis) is to seek emergency veterinary care. Unfortunately for pet parents, the list of household hazards could be an infinite one; but this article covers a wide range of things to look out for that you might not have considered before. Even well-behaved kitties can be guilty of letting their curiosity run wild! Removing these dangers could avoid future complications with potentially devastating results. Brush up on your feline first aid skills with this life-saving post: First Aid for Cats: Basic Tips and First Aid Kit Essentials Do you have a kitty that hoovers up anything in its path and enjoys rummaging through your kitchen cupboards? If you think something important missed the list or should have been mentioned, let us know in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. In this article: What Is Holistic Care for Cats? Why Is Holistic Care Important for Cats? Diet and Nutrition Supplements Herbal Remedies Environment and Enrichment More Exercise and Play Homeopathy Acupuncture Physical Therapy Natural vs Prescription Calming Medicine Is Aromatherapy Safe for Cats? What Is Holistic Care for Cats? Holistic care addresses the root cause of health problems, while traditional veterinary medicine focuses on managing or treating symptoms. In other words, holistic therapies are used to prevent diseases before they become an issue and enhance quality of life - which means less vet bills for you and increased health and wellbeing for kitty. Holistic care can involve medicines, albeit on a less invasive scale than traditional medication. More than that, it relies on the body's own methods of self-healing and considers every aspect of a cat's life. This is achieved by exploring areas such as: Diet and nutrition. Herbal medicine and supplements. Exercise and play. Environment and enrichment. Physical therapy. Mental health and wellbeing. Pet Remedy plug-in diffuser contains a low concentration of valerian and essential oils to work with a cat's natural calming mechanisms when tackling stress and anxiety. Ideal for most pets including cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents and birds. Complementary therapies can (and in some cases, should ) be used alongside veterinary medicine. Vaccinations are important for protecting cats against infectious diseases, as well as preventing the spreading of diseases to other animals and even humans. If your kitty has a condition that requires medical treatment then it should never be ruled out in favour of a holistic approach. Consider how humans use holistic therapies after receiving a cancer diagnosis. Many people turn to alternative treatments, from supplements to simple lifestyle changes - and more than a few old wives' tales, I'm sure. This should only be done under the advice of a doctor and in combination with traditional medicine, such as chemotherapy and/or surgery. To not do so would pose a serious danger to one's life. As long as holistic care doesn't interfere with medical treatments, most doctors will encourage it even if they don't believe in its effectiveness. A positive outlook can do wonders for a patient's emotional and mental wellbeing. In short, one type of therapy shouldn't be used to replace another. Why Is Holistic Care Important for Cats? Making better choices for your felines and being more mindful of their needs is part of being a responsible pet parent; after all, our cats are completely reliant on us. They can't tell us when they have a problem, but they're showing us all the time in their daily behaviour. The type of diseases that may benefit from a holistic approach are those influenced by diet, stress and immune system dysfunction. Here are a few examples: Inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS). Urinary tract disease. Respiratory problems, such as infections and asthma. Diabetes. Allergies. Arthritis. Visit Again, using humans as a comparison, holistic care can help to improve or speed up the recovery process after injury or surgery. Physical therapy, supplements and massage can promote healing and reduce pain, inflammation or stiffness. A human wouldn't rely on pain medications alone after major surgery, although not all animals will respond well to physical therapy. So too, we know that antibiotics can upset the stomach and the effects are similar in animals, with antibiotics disrupting gut microbiome and decreasing bacterial resistance. While antibiotics are the first choice of treatment for cats with wee problems, a good vet will want to rule out other causes of urinary tract disease. Inflammation of the bladder (cystitis) can be caused by stress or a build up of crystals, which is common in males due to their long and narrow urethras. I've been in this exact situation with Drax, who was in and out of vet clinics with urine infections and had some unpleasant reactions to antibiotics. I therefore understand the importance of alternative treatments before throwing medication at a problem. It's no quick fix, but with a combination of dietary and lifestyle changes, Drax has been cystitis free for over a year! Related post: How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress Diet and Nutrition Despite all of the technological advances in Western medicine, one thing it can't cure is a poor diet. Cats are 100% carnivores and require high protein meat sources, which isn't always what you're getting from commercial cat foods that are packed with grains, fillers, preservatives and other yucky substances. High moisture is crucial to a cat's diet, and the only thing kibble is high in is carbohydrates - which are low in nutritional value. A dry food diet can lead to chronic dehydration, which can increase the risk of urinary tract disease. It's also been linked to poor digestion, obesity and diabetes - but let's not get ahead of ourselves. These are just some examples of how many diseases can arise from an improper diet, which could otherwise be avoided. Edgard & Cooper Chunks in Sauce made with fresh meat and gently cooked. Grain-free with no artificial colours, flavourings or preservatives. Plenty of cats live out their days on dry food, and it's the responsibility of parents to ensure they're not overfeeding cats by sticking to manufacturers' guidelines and choosing a high-quality kibble. Offering plenty of water stations, encouraging play/exercise and regular health check-ups are all things we should be doing, regardless of what cats are eating. Unlike dogs, cats have specific preferences and are much pickier about what they will and won't eat. I can attest to this myself with a kitty that REFUSES to eat anything but kibble, and even that's limited to one or two different types. The point here is that if your kitty is willing to eat wet food - or even better, you can switch them onto a fresh food diet - then it's worth investing in as minimally processed food as your budget allows. Think of it in human terms, sure you could live out the rest of your days on carb-loaded pizza, but be prepared for some long-term health implications. Read all about the importance of natural nutrition in this informative post: Fresh Raw and Cooked Cat Food: Tailor-Made Nutrition Sent to Your Door! Supplements   In relation to food, natural supplements can play a role in supporting a cat's mind and body by addressing specific health needs and/or deficiencies. Holistic medicine has been used by humans for centuries and continues to be a growing market, with the complementary and alternative medicine market projected to reach $657 billion by 2030. More recently it's been extended to animals, as certain herbs have properties that may well benefit your cats. YuMOVE Calming Care contains natural ingredients to help reduce stress, anxiety and support calm behaviour. Easy opening capsules so powder can be sprinkled over food. Supplements for skin and coat; digestion; stress and multivitamins are readily available online, but most healthy cats don't need them. Commercial pet foods have their downsides, but they're formulated to provide all of the nutrients a cat requires in their daily diet. Adding more unnecessarily can upset the balance and cause more harm than good. The exception may arise if your vet prescribes a supplement for a particular health condition: for example, anti-inflammatory properties for ageing or swollen joints. You can also seek guidance from a holistic veterinarian to work with your cat's specific needs. YuMOVE Joint Care for Cats is a triple-action supplement designed to support joint structure, aid mobility and reduce stiffness. It contains a concentrated source of omega-3 in easy opening capsules that can be mixed into food. Herbal Remedies Herbal remedies are a safe and effective method to treat common ailments. Catnip stimulates a cat's pheromone receptors to induce feelings of joy and playfulness; while its relation, catmint, has relaxing properties that may help to reduce anxiety. Chamomile is also a popular calming herb, as is valerian root - which is a main ingredient in Pet Remedy products. The key to any herbal remedy is knowing which type of a particular plant to use, how to use it and in what quantities or doses. Some herbs can be toxic to cats so, again, it's essential to consult a holistic veterinarian or use a remedy that's commercially available. Rescue Pet Calming Dropper uses natural flower essences to help ease tension, nervousness and excitability for cats, dogs, rabbits, horses and birds. Flowers are hand-picked in the UK. Environment and Enrichment Cats are born hunters with curious natures, which means they love to engage with and explore their environment - otherwise known as their territory. It stands to reason that this must be incorporated into a holistic care routine in order to satisfy those feline instincts. This is even more important for indoor cats as the home is where they spend most of their time. Related post: How to Harness Train Cats for Walking on a Leash Safely It might seem like cats don't do much as we usually see them lazing around, not to mention the 2-5 hours a day they spend on self-grooming, but that's because opportunities to use their vast array of skills are limited in a domestic setting. Hunting consists of all the behaviours we try to stimulate with play: chasing, pouncing, jumping and climbing. Daintry Cat Calming Spray combines feline pheromones with the natural soothing properties of cedarwood to reduce stress and anxiety. Use around the home or spray onto carriers prior to travelling. The purpose of all those catnaps is to replenish energy and be on alert for the next meal - or threat, as cats are prey animals too. When we don't provide opportunities to unleash these natural instincts, cats get bored. Boredom can lead to stress, anxiety and aggression ; while inactivity contributes to obesity and other conditions. It's therefore important to keep cats mentally and physically stimulated to prevent developing behavioural issues, and there are a multitude of ways we can enrich their lives. Related post: Cat Enrichment Ideas and Boredom Breakers for Indoor Cats Environment Provide a variety of horizontal and vertical climbing areas such as cat trees; cat-friendly shelves and ladders; and window perches. Multiple levels encourage exercise, while height offers a safe vantage point where cats can observe their surroundings and look down on us pitiful humans. Related post:   Small Cat Tree Stands and Towers for All Cats (Tried and Tested) Utilise vertical space with the FUKUMARU 4-in-1 Cat Wall Shelves . Includes a bridge, bed, shelves and scratch post. This cat walkway in green stimulates outdoors for the complete jungle experience. Timid cats may benefit from hiding areas such as huts, boxes and tunnels; while scratch posts and mats allow for the sharpening of claws and territory marking. Ensure there are plenty of toys available for when boredom kicks in, and you could even set up a bird feeder outside of your cat's favourite window. Allow some outdoors time if possible, or you can build a catio for a secure and escape-proof enclosure. High fences deter cats from wandering, and be sure to provide a sheltered area from weather conditions. Being out in nature stimulates the senses and offers a change of scenery. If cats live strictly indoors then leave curtains or blinds open to ensure plenty of natural light. You can open windows for some fresh air and use a pet-proof lock or guard to prevent escape. Feliway Optimum plug-in diffuser contains a new pheromone complex for enhanced serenity. It helps to solve common signs of stress including spraying, scratching, fear and conflict. Recommended by vets and behaviourists. For creating a stress-free home, there are many drug-free products on the market aimed at reducing anxiety in felines. Pheromone diffusers emit a vapour that mimics a cat's natural pheromones , while other diffusers and sprays use blends of essential oils that work with animals' natural calming systems. Remember to choose something that's cat specific or, at the very least, safe to use on your furry friend. Each household cat should have its own bed , food/water stations and litter tray so that if one is in use, they have the option to go elsewhere. A designated room or quiet area allows cats to retreat from the hustle and bustle of human life. Social Interactions  Even though cats are known to be independent, they can still benefit from bonding time with their human companions. Purring releases endorphins that provide cats with a sense of comfort and relief. If they don't like being petted then play is a good alternative, as they'll learn to associate you with something fun and rewarding - it's always nice to feel wanted! Grooming your cat provides much more than a bonding experience. Removing loose hair limits how much they swallow, which can result in hairballs and vomiting. It also stimulates the sebaceous glands to secrete natural oils, helping to protect and lubricate the coat and prevent dandruff. Cats are habitual creatures so bonding is a routine that you want to encourage. Wait for them to seek you out rather than forcing interactions, and end the bonding session with a hand-fed treat to keep kitty coming back for more. Exercise and Play We've discussed the importance of enrichment for a cat's mental and emotional wellbeing, and how their environment should be reflective of their natural habitat as much as possible. Exercise too has a vital role in feline health, and the best way to stimulate this is through play . As well as utilising their hunting skills, playtime helps to prevent obesity, improve muscle tone; increase appetite and aid digestion. It's also a form of stress relief with the release of endorphins - the body's natural painkiller and happy drug. As a general rule, cats should get a minimum of 30 minutes of exercise a day, divided into 10-15 minute sessions. This is because cats are easily bored and have short spurts of energy. Of course, this will vary depending on their age, breed, health and activity levels. Kittens require lots of intense play, while seniors may prefer short 5-minute sessions paced throughout the day. PawHut Cardboard Lounger is made completely from cardboard so cats can sleep, rest or scratch the corrugated surface. Spacious for most adult cats and looks great in any room. Playtime activities should stimulate the mind as well as the body. Puzzle feeders or treat dispensers and interactive toys provide more of a challenge and encourage natural hunting behaviours. Obstacle courses can be made using tunnels, huts, ramps and different level platforms if your home allows for it. Related post: DIY Cat Toys That Are Cheap and Easy to Make: Step-by-Step Guides Homeopathy Homeopathy has little research or evidence to back up its effect on animals. In fact, it's been widely rejected by scientists and continues to be a topic of debate in the veterinary world. Despite this, many practitioners of holistic therapies continue to recommend it. Homeopathy offers a natural and gentle way to support health, based on the theory of "like cures like". This simply means that a substance that can cause symptoms in a healthy individual (in large doses) can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick individual, if administered in very small doses. Visit For example, arnica can be used topically for bruises, swelling, inflammation, wound healing and rashes; yet it contains a substance derived from poison ivy. Homeopathic medicines are made from natural substances such as plants and minerals, usually in the form of highly diluted substances. These are used to stimulate the immune system to trigger the body's natural defences and promote self-healing. Homeopathic remedies are used throughout the world on humans, with proven results in conditions such as: digestive diseases, skin conditions, bone and joint disorders, urinary tract infections and behavioural problems. Due to growing success with animals, more and more vets are beginning to study it. Acupuncture Acupuncture is well-known in the Western world, perhaps slightly less so for animals. The traditional Chinese medicine practice involves inserting tiny needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of energy and enhance the body's natural healing abilities. Acupuncture is most commonly used to relieve pain but can also reduce inflammation; improve circulation and mobility; stimulate appetite and reduce stress. When performed under the care of a veterinarian trained in acupuncture, it's a safe and effective treatment that can be used alongside other holistic therapies, as well as traditional medicine. Some cats respond well to treatment if kept calm, but it largely depends on the cat's personality and tolerance levels. For my wimpy duo, this would be a thing of nightmares! A consultation with a licensed practitioner is essential to discuss your cat's specific health needs. Physical Therapy Massage and physical therapy, also known as rehabilitation, can be beneficial for cats that are recovering from surgery or injury. Similar to what a human might undergo after a spinal injury or when learning to walk again, this is achieved through targeted exercises and stretches. Physical therapy can help cats to regain mobility, reduce pain and inflammation; and improve their quality of life. Massage might be used to improve circulation and blood flow, support joint mobility and reduce stress. This can also be done at home with a few simple techniques, which is great for senior cats or simply giving your kitty a pamper session - as long as it's willing. By working with a veterinarian and physical therapist that has experience with felines, you can incorporate physical therapy into post-surgery or injury recovery to provide a tailored and comprehensive care routine. Natural vs Prescription Calming Medicine Calming remedies are probably the most popular holistic medicine for cats due to them being susceptible to stress and anxiety. Kitty behaviour and aggression are huge focal points of this site and something we've discussed in numerous posts. Cats are solitary creatures in the wild and spend their days napping, hunting and evading predators. Sounds stressful, right? Yet it's what they're built for! Cats were not designed to be cooped up indoors with noisy humans, processed food and sharing territories with annoying housemates. A vet might prescribe anti-anxiety or anti-depressant medications, which come with their own advantages and disadvantages. Many people complain of sedative effects and changes to their cat's personality, becoming withdrawn or lacking in energy. However, prescription medications can be highly successful in treating severe mood disorders, whereby the cat can't function without them or is at risk of being rehomed. Beaphar Herbal Calming Treats contain hop flowers, Melissa and valerian which is known for its calming properties. Helps to promote relaxation and reduce the symptoms of stress including scratching, spraying and excessive vocalisation. Natural remedies work best for mild cases of anxiety, short-term problems or stressful situations like moving house. As with many conditions or diseases, sometimes a gentle dose is all it takes for the body's natural defences to kick in. Prescription or veterinary medicine is a better option for serious or long-standing cases of anxiety. Either way, both traditional and holistic medicine can be used in combination with other modifications: lifestyle, environmental changes or working with a behaviourist, if necessary. If you do choose the natural route, commercial remedies are a safer option than inventing your own concoctions based on a Google search. When you purchase something from a shop or online, there's no guessing how to use the product or what dosage to administer. You know the ingredients are specifically for cats and all of the information you need is on the label. Is Aromatherapy Safe for Cats? Some sources claim that aromatherapy can be greatly beneficial for reducing stress and promoting relaxation in cats, while others forbid it. Even if you're using the correct essential oils with proper dilution or a diffuser in a ventilated space, there are more reasons to avoid aromatherapy than there are to try it. Some of the dangers associated with aromatherapy include: Sensitivity to essential oils: As with herbs, some can be toxic to your fur babies and cat-friendly oils vary from source to source. Some recommend eucalyptus for respiratory problems and congestion, while others condemn it as poisonous. Either way, eucalyptus falls into the category of scents that cats are averse to - it's even used in some commercial urine repellents! Rather than searching for generic lists of essential oils that are safe for cats, consult a holistic vet who's qualified to advise you or leave aromatherapy to the humans. Poisoning: Oils should never be applied directly to skin or fur because cats are self-groomers and may lick it off - even diffusers that release oils into the air can leave a residue on their coats. While this may be safe for other animals, cats have fewer liver enzymes to metabolise them. This can lead to poisoning, toxicity and liver damage. Inhalation: Breathing in concentrated fumes can irritate the respiratory tract. This is also a risk with scented candles, air fresheners and cleaning fluids, so bear in mind when you're next lighting up or bleaching the floor that it could be a serious health hazard. Related post: 8 Common Household Items That Are Dangerous or Toxic to Cats When it comes to holistic care, whatever route you go down, the goal is to improve the lives of your pets by focusing on all aspects of health and wellbeing: mental, emotional and physical. This doesn't mean you should ignore traditional medicine or treatments. As highlighted frequently throughout this article, your first point of call should always be a registered vet. Addressing all of your cat's needs often takes more than one approach, and the goal is to ensure the health, happiness and safety of our pets. Mentioned Products YuMOVE Joint Care for Cats Rescue Pet Calming Dropper FUKUMARU Cat Wall Shelves Are you ready to take a holistic approach to pet care? Did you find any of the above helpful in making a decision? If you need more advice, drop a comment or get in touch!

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Tips for Keeping Cats Cool in Summer: Limiting Outdoor Access Creating a Comfortable Home Environment Keeping Cats Hydrated Grooming Cats and Heatstroke Summary With temperatures soaring in the UK, it can only mean one thing: we're well into summer! As descendants of the African wildcat, our kitty companions have evolved to adapt to desert temperatures in spite of their fluffy coats. In fact, their fur acts as a barrier from the sun's rays as well as insulating them in winter. Cats have a higher body temperature than humans at 37.2-39.2 °C, so they're natural sunbathers. However, they only have sweat glands on hairless areas of the body like the paw pads, nose and anus. Cats cope with heat by looking for shade, stretching out their bodies, lying on cool surfaces, resting, panting and grooming. When their saliva evaporates off the fur, it helps them to cool down. But how hot is too hot? Extreme and prolonged heat exposure can elevate a cat's body temperature to over 40 °C, putting them at risk of heatstroke. To help avoid an emergency scenario, follow these practical steps to keep cats cool during the hottest days of the year. Limiting Outdoor Access Avoid Peak Hours Cats are known for being crepuscular, meaning they're most active at sunrise and sunset. This is optimal hunting time and helps wild cats to avoid daytime hours. If your cat has access to outdoor space, early mornings and late afternoons will typically be cooler for them (before 10 a.m. and after 3 p.m.). Shaded Areas Create a shaded area if there are no trees or bushes to lounge under, which you can do using umbrellas or tarps. Make sure any shed or garage doors are left open to prevent cats getting trapped inside as they often like to sneak away for a nap. Water should be available at all times. Consider setting up an outdoor enclosure or catio that provides shelter and safety while allowing cats to enjoy the fresh air. You can also walk your cat if it's harness trained so they're still getting exercise when outdoor time is limited. Creating a Comfortable Home Environment Ventilation Keeping the home cool and ventilated is particularly important for indoor cats . Air conditioning may be standard in countries with hotter climates, but if it's unavailable then consider these alternatives: Open windows to maintain a good air flow, although experts advise keeping them closed during peak sunshine hours to prevent more heat getting inside. Be sure to cat proof windows using safety locks, screens or netting so cats are unable to jump out. Use fans if possible, but I speak from experience when I say that not all cats will appreciate a whirring monster blasting cold air at them! Maintain Optimal Temperatures Close curtains and blinds to keep windows shaded during the day, especially those facing the sun. You can also get self-adhesive films that reflect UV rays or tinted options to prevent any glares. Cats enjoy sitting or lying on cold surfaces such as tiles and laminate flooring. You can create a similar effect with self-cooling gel mats like the Trixie Pet Cooling Mat , or by wrapping ice packs in a towel. Frozen water bottles are great for cats to lean against if they so desire. Since cats naturally seek out cool, shaded areas, you might want to set up a "cool spot" in a quiet and accessible part of the home. The addition of a water bowl or fountain creates an appealing retreat that encourages cats to drink while escaping the heat. Keeping Cats Hydrated Provide Fresh Water Hydration can be a problem for cats in any season as they're not programmed to seek out water. Wild cats get most of their moisture from prey; after all, a mouse is made up of 70% water. Wet food provides a more species-appropriate diet than dry food , but fresh water should always be available. For cats that only eat kibble, try soaking it in water for a mushier consistency. Warm water enhances the aroma of food, which is effective for picky eaters. PawPoll Wireless Cat Water Fountain is a large-capacity, stainless steel fountain that can be placed anywhere in the home. It has a quadruple filtration system and three flow modes: sensor, timer and continuous. Here are some tips for encouraging cats to drink more: Place multiple water bowls around the home, particularly if you have more than one cat to limit competition. Some cats prefer to have their food and water bowls in separate locations rather than next to each other. As they're natural hunters, they wouldn't normally drink where they eat. Studies show that cats are more likely to drink flowing water than from a bowl, which explains why my two come running whenever they hear a tap. There are lots of cat fountains available on the market, from wireless to motion activated. The movement and trickling sound of water may be more appealing to a cat's curious nature. Offer a variety of drinking containers such as bowls, dishes, pans and wide-rimmed cups. Glass, ceramic or metal is more hygienic than plastic and won't contaminate the taste of water. Make sure containers are filled to the top to prevent irritating a cat's sensitive whiskers. Chill water in a fridge and keep containers topped up with cold water. Since cats are often seen drinking out of puddles, create an artificial one by burying a shallow dish in grass or soil so cats can drink from ground level. Flavour water with a small amount of low-sodium broth or water from a can of fish - not brine . Frozen Treats Turn hydration into a fun experience by freezing small pieces of wet cat food or broth in an ice cube tray. You could leave ice cubes for cats bat around the floor or place them onto a baking tray, providing enrichment on days when it's too hot to let them outdoors - just remember not to slip on any puddles! If your cat doesn't get enough water, they can become dehydrated. Signs to look out for include: Lethargy. Constipation. Dry or tacky gums. Cold paws. Poor skin elasticity (doesn't snap back into place when gently pinched). Grooming Brushing Cats Since cats self-groom to help cool themselves down, they risk swallowing more hair than usual. Regular brushing removes excess fur and prevents matting. For more grooming tips and brush recommendations, check out this detailed post: How to Groom a Cat and Best Brushes to Use If your cat is tolerant, you can dampen a small towel and dab it over their fur or try stroking them with wet hands. This will have a similar cooling effect to saliva. In cases of extreme heat, it can be beneficial to consult with a groomer about getting a summer haircut for cats with longer or thicker coats. Shaving cats is debated by some, but a professional can discuss the best options for your particular breed of cat. Cats and Heatstroke Signs of Heatstroke It's crucial to monitor cats for signs of heatstroke so you can respond quickly to the situation. Symptoms include: Restlessness. Low energy. Drooling. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Excessive panting. Collapsing. Seizures. Bright red or pale gums. The faster your cat is cooled down, the better the chance of recovery. Cats that are more susceptible to heatstroke include: Long-haired cats. Obese cats. Brachycephalic (flat-faced) cats like Persians. Seniors and young kittens. Cats with heart and lung disease. First Aid From the PDSA website, first aid for heatstroke in cats should consist of: Step 1: Move your cat indoors to a cool room or into shaded area. Step 2: Start cooling them by slowly pouring cold water over their body, keeping away from the nose and mouth so they don't inhale it. Step 3: Create a breeze by turning on a fan or opening doors and windows. Step 4: Offer your cat a drink of cold water (but don't force them). Step 5: Put them on top of a cold, soaking wet towel. Don't cover or cuddle them as this can make them even hotter. Step 6: Wrap an ice pack or bag of frozen veg in a tea towel and place it in between their legs. Step 7: Call your vet or take them to the nearest clinic. Turn on your vehicle's air conditioning or drive with the windows slightly open. If possible, bring someone with you to continue the cooling process. Heatstroke or heat exhaustion aren't the only dangers for cats in hot weather. Some areas of the body like the ears and nose are more at risk of sunburn, so you might want to invest in a pet-safe sunscreen. Sphynx cats are more vulnerable to burning and should be kept out of the sun as much as possible. Related post: First Aid for Cats: Basic Tips and First Aid Kit Essentials Visit Summary With summer in full swing, keeping your cat cool and comfortable should be a priority. By ensuring access to fresh water, creating shaded areas and monitoring for signs of heat exhaustion, you can provide a safe environment for your furry companion. Regular grooming, play and enrichment will help to keep them happy and healthy so they can thrive all summer long. Mentioned Products Rabbitgoo Heat-Reflective Window Film Trixie Pet Cooling Mat Does your kitty struggle with the heat or do you have a serial sunbather? Let us know if any of these tips helped!

In this article: Can Cats Sense Depression and Anxiety? How Cats Can Help with Mental Illness The Healing Power of the Purr Animal-Assisted Therapy Summary Let’s talk about mental health. Yes - really! Mental disorders such as depression and anxiety have been a taboo subject for millennia across many different cultures. Despite gaining a deeper insight and understanding of it over the last 100 years, we still don't talk about it. Why? For all of the progress made by both medical professionals and society as a whole, it remains highly stigmatised and the mentally ill are often victims of shaming or disregard. Perhaps this is why so many people turn to pets for comfort. Animals are non-judgmental and they love us unconditionally. They see us at our best and, more importantly, at our worst. Anyone who has any kind of bond with their pets or animals in general will understand when I say they have a healing presence. They seem to be able to connect with us on a soul level because, with animals, we can truly be free. Can Cats Sense Depression and Anxiety? Animals are known to have superior senses, especially when it comes to illness in humans. Dogs have demonstrated that they can sniff out various forms of cancer, as well as detecting diseases such as Parkinson's, diabetes, malaria and epileptic seizures. Amazingly, they can also sense our emotions - and it isn't limited to man's best friend. Dogs have a reputation for being loyal companions that want nothing more than to please their owners or guardians. Meanwhile, a cat's aloofness has turned them into a meme sensation - which is a totally unfair representation. An increasing number of studies into feline behaviour and psychology indicate that cats are not only capable of sensing how we're feeling, but they can change their behaviour to react to our moods. In typical feline fashion, just because they can do something doesn't mean they will! Even so, a cat's reaction is likely to be far more subtle than a dog's in any respect. For example, if a cat picks up on depression then it might spend more time with that person. If you're anxious or stressed then you could notice that your cat approaches you more than usual. While it's doubtful that they understand the feeling itself, cats have shown that they can recognise emotions through visual and audible cues such as crying, tone of voice, body language and gestures. They're also sensitive to physiological changes like heart rate, breathing and blood pressure, which can change dramatically during periods of anxiety. Quite simply, cats pay enough attention to know when something's "off" - even if we think they're only interested in food and petting. It's not hard to put this into practice, for example, when playing with your cat. If you approach the session with high energy and laughter, you may witness their excitement levels increase. Likewise, if you act nervous or scared around a particular stimuli then your cat might mirror your reaction or use it as a basis for how to respond to the same thing. These are just a few methods that cats use to understand and communicate with us. How Cats Can Help with Mental Illness Cats are being used as an example here, as the same could apply to all pets and animals. Studies have shown that pet ownership - or companionship, as I prefer to say - has multiple benefits across many situations, circumstances and health conditions. In fact, mental health charities are now recommending pets as a therapy of sorts, which isn't surprising when we consider the rise of pet adoption during Covid. The pandemic swept across the globe and saw people confined to their homes, in some cases not having any human contact for days, weeks or months at a time. We can't rule out that boredom was a factor - yes, I am calling out all those who failed to acknowledge that a pet isn't just for Covid - but the sense of companionship we get from animals can be truly life-changing. On a more scientific level, pets can increase our dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin levels - the hormones that make us feel good and happy. Let's take a look at some of the other ways our fluffballs can help with mental illness like depression and anxiety. Unconditional Love We touched on this earlier, but it's so important that it deserves another mention. Love is a powerful emotion, and what we receive from animals is incomparable to anything else. Our pets don't care who we are, what we look like, where we come from, what we do for a living or how much money we have. In this sense, they're a completely different species and we should be worshipping animals for what they can offer us. Companionship Pets can reduce feelings of loneliness and isolation, as we saw in the Covid example. Not only that, but research has found that owning a pet can improve relationships and help with social bonding. Let's be honest, pets are a huge conversation starter - I'll talk about my cats to anyone who'll listen! Visit Distraction An animal's presence can literally fill voids and provide a healthy distraction from the trials and tribulations of everyday life. It can be hard to relax after a bad day or when mood is low but, seeing your furry's face light up when you enter a room, you can't help but smile. I can hear the mocking laughter from all you kitty parents, but being blatantly ignored by your cat isn't so bad. It shows that they trust you, and that's an honour. Purpose Animals give us a sense of purpose because they rely on us for their general care, which in turn provides structure and routine. Owning a dog - or even a cat if it's harness trained - helps people to get outdoors for some fresh air and exercise. Some people live for their kids, others live for their pets - and that's perfectly acceptable in my book. Affection Humans have an innate need for physical contact, as we see through displays of affection like hugging and kissing. Animals have their own ways of bonding - grooming and licking, for example - which suggests that our basic needs aren't so different. Imagine coming home from work after a long and taxing week, when all you want to do is snuggle up on the sofa with a loved one and Netflix playing in the background. Stroking and petting an animal can provide instant relief from stress and anxiety, too. Children More evidence from studies has shown that children living with pets have a lowered risk of anxiety and higher self-esteem. Strengthened emotional intelligence can result in increased levels of compassion, empathy and responsibility. Interactions with animals can be especially beneficial for children with ADHD and autism. The Healing Power of the Purr One cat-specific quality is, of course, purring! A cat's purr isn't only magical to hear, but science has discovered that it does in fact have healing properties. So, how does it work? When a cat purrs, it releases endorphins in the brain - hormones related to feelings of happiness and comfort - but the truly magical part is that purring releases endorphins in humans, too. This can decrease stress levels, lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attacks. According to studies, it can also help to promote healing of the bones. When my Persian cat, George, was close to the end, I'd often hear him purring - which made the decision to put him to sleep all the more difficult. We associate purring with happiness, so when the vet explained that they sometimes purr when they're in pain or stressed , it suddenly became clear that George was trying to soothe himself. This is achieved through sound or, more specifically, vibrations. Healers throughout history and the world have used sound in their work, more recently in the sports and fitness industries, with the belief that certain frequencies have healing effects on the body and mind. A search on YouTube will bring up hundreds of sounds and music that are set at specific frequencies (also known as hertz) for healing various ailments. This is a common practice in reiki, a form of energetic healing - more commonly referred to as "vibration therapy" in the medical world. It's believed that the frequency of a cat's purr works in a similar manner to this. Whether you believe in vibration therapy or not, evidence is backed up by decades of scientific research into the topic - which is a fascinating one to say the least. Animal-Assisted Therapy In case you need a little more convincing, it might be helpful to look at some of the ways in which animals are used for animal-assisted therapy and the impact it has on people's lives. This is a health intervention designed to improve physical, social, emotional or cognitive functioning. War veterans - helping ex-soldiers to overcome PTSD and reduce suicide rates. Care homes - petting and bonding experiences can bring much joy to elderly people. Classrooms - aids learning and social skills, as well as helping special needs children. Prison settings - provides comfort, distraction and teaches empathy. Palliative care - decreases depression, brings comfort and peace. Psychotherapy, psychiatric treatment and counselling sessions - increases quality of life and the mental and emotional wellbeing of patients. Other vulnerable individuals and behavioural disorders. Summary It's important to remember that, while adopting an animal companion can have a major impact on mental health and wellbeing, it's not a decision that should be made lightly. Pets are a huge commitment and can potentially come with financial burdens, which is a stressor in its own right. If you're struggling with mental health then you should consider the long-term responsibilities of owning a pet, as they're not supposed to be a quick fix. If that's what you've taken from this article then I urge you to go back and re-read the finer points. Visit To help you make an informed decision, here are some factors to consider: Affordability - Are you financially stable enough to provide a pet with all of its basic daily needs such as food, bedding, toys and veterinary treatment (vaccinations, check-ups, medications, etc)? Living arrangements - Does your home have enough space for a pet to live comfortably? Even smaller pets like rabbits and hamsters need the freedom to explore and exercise, rather than being shut in a cage all day. General care - Can you care for your pets and cope with any potential issues without help from another person? Having friends and family is a great form of support, but you shouldn't be completely reliant on others in case they're not available. Walking - Do you have access to outdoor space or areas to walk a dog? Are you able to get out on a regular basis? Think about the type of animal you want to adopt and whether it's a suitable match for your lifestyle and schedule. Kittens are bundles of joy and can bring a lot of fun into the home, but they also require more attention than an adult or senior cat. If you live alone and work 12 hours a day then consider if this is fair on a young kitten or puppy, because their wellbeing is just as important - if not more so - than yours. What's your take on animals and mental health? Do you have your own inspiring story to share? Let's get talking about mental health!

In this article: Common Emergencies in Cats How to Measure a Cat's Vital Signs Feline First Aid Kit What to Do in an Emergency First Aid for Cats Emergencies and CPR Also in this article: Cuts and Bleeding Broken Bones Burns and Scalds More Bites Stings Choking Poisoning Seizures Common Emergencies in Cats There's a saying that cats have nine lives, a myth that likely originated from their knack for escaping danger, with quick reflexes; remarkable agility and the ability to land on their feet. Some might call them lucky, but there's a big difference between a cat's inherent survival skills and immortality! When an emergency strikes, knowing the basics of feline first aid and having the correct supplies to hand could be the difference between life and death. Common accidents and emergencies in cats include: Injuries like burns, cuts and broken bones. Choking or swallowing foreign objects. Bite wounds from other cats or larger animals, including dogs. Road traffic accidents. Falling from windows and heights. Poisoning. Bites from venomous spiders and snakes. In some countries, gunshot wounds. Your first response in any situation should be to call a vet immediately after discovering there's a problem, who can offer instructions over the phone and prepare for your arrival; however, emergencies often happen out of the blue. There's no harm in being prepared to give first aid until you can get proper medical attention or on the way to a clinic. Related post : How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress How to Measure a Cat's Vital Signs Since cats are experts at hiding illness or pain, knowing their vital signs can help to detect any problems that you can communicate to your vet. The easiest way to monitor your cat's health is by measuring their body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate. These may vary depending on age, health, activity levels and other factors. You should not rely on this information to determine the health status of your cat. If you suspect a problem then seek veterinary advice. Body Temperature A body temperature of 38-39 ° C is considered normal for cats. Some may be slightly higher or lower, but most sources state that the range should be between 37.2-39.2 °C. Rectal thermometers provide the most accurate reading, but I do not recommend this unless you've been properly trained. A digital ear thermometer can also be used, but your cat will likely not enjoy this method either. In terms of an emergency, low body temperature could be due to shock, cold or various illnesses. A high temperature can indicate fever resulting from an immune system response, such as fighting inflammation or infections; and heatstroke. Resting Heart Rate A cat's heart rate can fluctuate depending on how relaxed or stressed it is but typically ranges between 140-220 bpm (beats per minute). A calm, resting kitty will likely be at the lower end and can drop to 120-140 bpm according to the MSD Veterinary Manual . 180-220 bpm is considered stressed, frightened or elevated after a period of activity. Outside of these ranges can be a sign of serious health issues. Most owners won't have a stethoscope but, with a bit of practice, you can use your hands to feel for a pulse. Here are some pointers to help: Wait until your cat is lying down in a relaxed state as it'll be easier and give a more accurate reading. The best place to locate a pulse is along the ribcage by placing a hand towards the cat's left side, underneath its arm where the elbow joins onto the body (or the "armpit" area). You can also locate the femoral artery on the inside of the upper hind leg near to where it joins the body. Place two fingers flat onto the area and gently press until you can feel a pulse. Using a stopwatch, count the number of beats for 15 seconds and then multiply that number by 4 to get the per minute rate. You can also count for 20 seconds and multiply by 3; 30 seconds and multiply by 2; or go for the full 60 seconds. The longer, the better - but it all depends on how compliant your kitty is. Resting Respiratory Rate (RRR) The PDSA states that the normal resting respiratory rate for cats is 16-40 bpm. This is how many breaths cats take for each minute while resting or sleeping. Some sources say that the average rate is under 30-35 bpm. A higher respiratory rate (shortness of breath) could be a signs of stress, pain or underlying heath conditions such as respiratory infections, asthma and heart failure. Respiratory rate is easy to measure as you can watch your cat from afar without having to disturb them. Wait until kitty is resting or sleeping, but not dreaming (or purring) as this can speed up breathing and won't give an accurate result. Signs of a dream state include twitching paws, legs, tail, mouth or whiskers; fluttering eyelids; soft vocalisations like chirping or whimpering. Watch the rise and fall of their chest (each rise/fall equates to one breath). Use a stopwatch to count how many breaths they take per 15 seconds and multiply by 4 to get the per minute rate (or 20/30/60 seconds as described above). Make a note of your own cat's vital signs and repeat regularly so you can quickly identify any changes. Feline First Aid Kit A basic first aid kit for pets should include a selection of bandages, antiseptic and some essential instruments. Here I've compiled a list that you can find on reputable websites like the PDSA , ASPCA and Cats Protection . Cleaning: Sterile saline solution - flushing or rinsing a wound . Cat-safe antiseptic solution, spray or wipes - disinfecting wounds . Dressings and tools: Sterile gauze pads - absorbing blood . Cotton wool balls or swabs - cleaning areas . Non-adhesive bandage pads - layering up wound coverage before dressing . Self-adhesive bandages - stick to themselves without catching fur or having to use tape . Bandage tape (if self-adhesive bandages are unavailable or adding extra security). Tick remover. Tweezers - also used for ticks, splinters and foreign objects. Scissors with blunt or rounded ends so they don't catch the cat's skin when cutting bandages. Disposable gloves . Other items: Emergency blanket - to keep warm (e.g., if cat goes into shock) or use as a stretcher. Towel - soaked in cold water to keep cat cool if it overheats, or use as a stretcher. Digital ear thermometer. Stopwatch. Torch/flashlight. Ice pack Remember to keep items stocked up and refill your kit after usage. It's also beneficial to keep your cat's medical information inside, as well as the number and address of your local vet. If you want to be extra thorough, a record of their vital signs may help the vet during an emergency. Lastly, know where your cat carrier is and keep it lined with a blanket ready for use. What to Do in an Emergency When addressing an emergency, it's recommended to use the acronym: " Dr ABCs " D anger - keep yourself and others around you safe. R esponse - check if your pet responds to their name or touch. A irway - is their airway clear? B reathing - are they breathing? C irculation - do they have a pulse or heartbeat? S end - get someone to ask for help. When cats are frightened or in pain, they're more likely to lash out and bite, so it's important to remain calm and approach them quietly. Keep doors closed so they can't run outside and confine them to a single room. If handling isn't possible or causes further distress, you can restrain them in a towel and place them into a carrier for transporting to a vet clinic. As your cat's caretaker, you're one of the most important factors in recognising an emergency that might not be immediately obvious. Poisoning, for example, can have a delayed effect; and internal injuries can't be seen. Observing the slightest changes in behaviour and acting quickly can potentially save a life. You know what's normal for your cat and what isn't. First Aid for Cats The following information is not intended to replace veterinary treatment. First aid measures should only be used in the case of an emergency where help is not available. Always contact your vet at the first opportunity and follow any instructions given. Cuts and Bleeding Superficial Wounds It's fairly easy to tell the difference between a superficial cut and a deeper wound, but sometimes they look more serious than they are. This is because it can take a couple of minutes for clotting to form. Shallow cuts, scratches and grazes can usually be tended to at home; however, animals have a habit of licking and scratching affected areas which can cause infections and other issues. Keep an eye out for redness, swelling, itching, heat, discharge, foul odours, lethargy and fever. A vet may prescribe antibiotics or apply protective measures, such as a collar, to give it a better chance of healing. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Cuts and Grazes Heavy Bleeding Bleeding that's heavier will likely need more urgent attention, as cats may collapse or go into shock if the bleeding doesn't stop within 5-15 minutes. Call a vet immediately. Signs of shock include: Pale gums. Cool ears, paws or tail. Rapid or shallow breathing. Weak or rapid pulse. Lethargy. Unresponsiveness. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Bleeding Serious Injuries Seek immediate veterinary care if the wound is extensive; near sensitive areas such as the eyes or genitals; on the abdomen or chest. Some accidents, particularly traffic related if animals have been dragged or knocked across a road, may result in areas of missing skin. Internal Bleeding Internal bleeding is usually life-threatening without medical intervention, so detecting it early is crucial. Some of the symptoms are similar to shock, but be on the lookout for: Lethargy, weakness or collapse. Cold ears, paws or tail. Pale or white gums and paw pads. Bruising. Laboured breathing. Rapid heartbeat. Loss of appetite. Swollen belly. Vomiting (possibly with blood). Dark, tarry stool. Broken Bones This type of injury can be harder to diagnose unless the skin is broken and the bone is visible. Some indicators of a broken bone and corresponding locations include: Laboured breathing - ribs. Limping or altered gait - limbs. Reluctance to stand up or move - pelvis. Not eating or drinking - jaw. Unable to move - spine. There may be signs of internal bleeding or shock, especially if a cat has been hit by a car or fallen from a height. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Broken Bones Burns and Scalds Burns aren't only painful but prone to infection and scarring. You must always contact a vet, no matter what size or degree of the burn. Chemical burns can be harder to spot under the fur and continue to damage the tissue long after exposure. Signs of a chemical burn include: Behavioural changes. Vocalisations. Excessive licking over the same area. Hairless patches. Redness. Swelling. Blisters. Oozing/weeping. Odours. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Burns Bites Other Animals If a cat has been bitten by another cat or larger animal, it can create deep puncture wounds that may go unnoticed through their thick fur. Not only are mouths full of bacteria, but the top layers of skin may heal relatively quickly. This traps bacteria which can lead to infections and abscesses. Always get bites checked by a vet, particularly if the area is swollen, red or hot to the touch. Attacks from large animals, especially wild ones, can cause internal damage or rabies infection (although rare in the UK). Be sure to provide your vet with any information about the animal. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Bite Wounds Visit Snakes & Spiders Venomous snakes and spiders are rare in the UK but can cause death very quickly depending on the location of the bite and if it's left untreated. So too, we don't know if they're venomous until symptoms develop, which makes it even more important to seek veterinary help. Make a note of the snake/spider if seen, or take a photo (from a distance). Be aware of those that are venomous, if any, and how it could affect cats. Stings In the UK, the most likely cause of stings are insects like bees and wasps. They commonly occur on the face, paws or mouth and cause mild itching, redness and swelling. The main concern is if the stinger remains in the skin and leads to additional irritation or infection. If a cat is allergic to a sting, they can go into anaphylactic shock which requires immediate treatment. This is usually characterised by severe swelling of the affected area - any swelling near the airways or throat can restrict their ability to breathe. Other signs of an allergic reaction include: Skin rash or bumps. Wheezing or panting. Lethargy or weakness. Pale gums. Vomiting or diarrhoea. Collapse. Depending on the severity of the reaction, cats may need medication such as antihistamines and other anti-inflammatories administered by a vet. It's wise to research the different insects in your region so you know what to look out for. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Allergic Reactions and Insect Stings Choking Choking on foreign objects can quickly become serious as cats are unable to breathe properly due to obstruction of the airway. Signs of choking include: Difficulty breathing or wheezing. Gagging or retching. Pawing at the mouth. Drooling. Blue tinged lips, gums or tongue. Collapse. This requires immediate medical intervention, both to remove the object and ensure there's no trauma to the throat. This article from PetMD contains a useful guide on first aid for choking: How to Perform Heimlich Manoeuvre if a Cat Is Choking Related post : 8 Common Household Items That Are Dangerous or Toxic to Cats Poisoning Most cases of poisoning are due to a cat's curiosity getting the better of them and eating things they shouldn't. They may also lick harmful substances off their fur, inhale chemicals or absorb toxins through the skin. Different poisons can cause different reactions, but there are some general symptoms. Drooling or foaming at the mouth. Vomiting or diarrhoea. Difficulty breathing. Blue or pale gums. Loss of appetite. Increased thirst or urination. Blood in vomit, urine or stool. Loss of coordination. Muscle tremors or seizures. Weakness or collapse. Coma. In the UK, the best source of information on animal poisoning is the Veterinary Poison Information Service . If you suspect your cat has been poisoned, you can call their Animal PoisonLine for 24-hour specialist advice: 01202 509000 ( It would be wise to keep this number in your first aid kit! ) Call your vet or the Animal PoisonLine immediately. If known, give the name of the substance that caused the poisoning; the amount ingested and time of exposure. You can also take the poison to the vet clinic with you, if it's safe. This article from International Cat Care contains a useful guide on first aid for poisoning and removing contaminants from a cat's fur: Cats and Poisons Seizures Seizures can be caused by a range of underlying issues: head trauma, brain tumors, infection or inflammation; liver or kidney disease; low blood sugar and epilepsy. A single, short seizure usually passes within a couple of minutes but still requires investigation by a vet. Repeated, prolonged seizures that last 5 minutes or longer can indicate a serious medical issue. For more help and advice, read this useful article from the PDSA: First Aid for Seizures Emergencies and CPR CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is the treatment for cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). It involves a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths to restore circulation and breathing. When a cat is suffering from CPA, it means their heart has stopped beating; they're not breathing on their own and have lost consciousness. There are many causes of CPA, including some of those we've already mentioned: Traumatic injuries. Blood loss. Electrocution. Allergic reactions. Inability to breathe. Heart problems. Low blood pressure (shock). Unfortunately, CPR is rarely successful on cats and depends on factors such as the cause of arrest and how soon treatment was started. It can also be dangerous to start CPR if the heart is still beating, which could lead to further harm and even death. This is where " Dr ABCs " comes in useful by ensuring the cat is unconscious, watching for breaths and listening or feeling for a heartbeat. The more you practice checking your cat's vital signs, the more equipped you'll be to recognise and respond to an emergency. To give your cat the best chance of survival, ideally, you should call a vet and follow instructions given over the phone. They may walk you through CPR and can offer specialist advice if any problems arise. If this isn't possible, you can attempt CPR on route to a clinic if you have someone else to drive you; or while waiting for veterinary care. If an emergency happens and you're alone, it's recommended to skip CPR and rush your pet straight to the nearest vet clinic. The PDSA and PetMB have some detailed step-by-step guidelines on performing CPR, including helpful illustrations. Due to the seriousness of the emergency and risks involved, it's advisable to learn CPR techniques at a veterinary first aid course before attempting them on your pet. This is general advice and should not be used as a replacement for veterinary care: PDSA: CPR for Cats and Kittens PetMB: How to Perform CPR on a Cat What’s in your feline first aid kit? Have you practiced taking those vital signs? Let us know if this article helped in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Managing feline aggression can be a complex process, especially where cat-to-cat aggression is present as it involves not one, but two (sometimes more) separate parties. In order to stop cats from fighting or attacking other cats, we have to find out why they're attacking in the first place. Understanding the type of aggression being displayed and possible causes goes a long way in developing a strategy for dealing with inter-cat aggression. How to Stop Cats Fighting: Vets Stress Territory Food and Water Litter Trays Bedding Toys Safe Places Outdoors Also in this article: What to Do If Your Cats Have Been in a Fight How Can I Tell If Cats Are Fighting or Playing? Products That Reduce Aggression in Cats Summary 1. Vets As with any abnormal behaviour, the first step should be getting your cats checked over by a registered vet. Treatment for any underlying conditions or diseases should be started as soon as possible, and you can talk to your vet about medications for anxiety. This may help to calm your cat in conjunction with behavioural training and environmental modifications. Related post: How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress If aggression is hormonal, such as females in heat or unneutered males, then it's especially important to discuss the option of having cats desexed . 2. Stress If health is generally good then we have to start looking for an external stressor, as cats are more likely to be aggressive under challenging circumstances. Once that stressor is removed, you can work on rebuilding the relationship between your fur babies. While it's not always possible to stop aggression towards other cats, animals or people, controlling it in a safe and appropriate manner can be achieved by paying special attention to a cat's environment - in other words, their territory. ​ YuMOVE Calming Care contains natural ingredients to help reduce stress, anxiety and support calm behaviour. Easy opening capsules so powder can be sprinkled over food. ​To avoid fuelling the fire, never punish or yell at your cats. Fighting is scary enough without adding a fear of humans, and remember what we said about redirected aggression : that fear will most likely be projected onto the other cat, creating more negative associations. Cats are habitual creatures that learn through reward and repetition, not discipline. Keeping them calm and stress-free (as much as possible) is half of the battle. Related post: Signs of Stress in Cats, Causes and Treatment 3. Territory ​ When cats start fighting, regardless of the cause, just helping them to stay out of each other’s way can reduce the risk of explosive encounters. Territorial battles can happen for any number of reasons, from cats reaching sexual maturity to changes in the home or redirected aggression . Something as simple as moving furniture around or a new pet are potential triggers for territorial disputes. Cats will often take their frustration out on the nearest thing, especially other housemates as they're a natural target. This may also be the case for anxiety or fear-based reactions, such as one kitty getting spooked by a loud noise or seeing a stray cat outside. To prevent it from turning into a longer-term issue, it’s crucial that cats aren’t competing for important resources. Related post: 11 Essential Tips Every New Cat Owner Should Know 4. Food and Water Offer multiple food and water stations around the home, or if cats have specified mealtimes then try feeding them on opposite sides of a room. Bowls should be positioned so that neither cat has to turn its back on a potential assailant. Also notice if one cat blocks access to food bowls and, if necessary, feed separately to prevent territorial behaviour from escalating. Adding more food stations gives cats the opportunity to go elsewhere, eliminating competition. They should always have free access to water, and you can make drinking more exciting with pet fountains in various designs. Fountains are also a great distraction! PawPoll Wireless Cat Water Fountain is a large-capacity, stainless steel fountain that can be placed anywhere in the home. It has a quadruple filtration system and three flow modes: sensor, timer and continuous. It's common for cats to squabble over food and/or hunger because it's such a basic survival instinct. How irritable do you get once your stomach starts rumbling, and how many times have you taken that out on other people by being short-tempered and snappy? This is even more the case with our pets, having to rely on someone else to feed them. Scheduled meals satisfies a cat's need for routine so they always know when they're going to be fed, which can go a long way in reducing anxiety. Automatic feeders may be useful, as they work on a timer to make sure cats have set mealtimes even when you're away from home. If necessary, split meals into smaller "snacks" that you can feed more frequently without overfeeding. Lastly, you should evaluate what you're actually feeding your cat. A species-appropriate, nutritionally-balanced diet made from quality ingredients should never be overlooked. The old saying "healthy body, healthy mind" applies to animals as well as humans. Related post: The Truth About Commercial Cat Food: What Really Goes into Your Pet's Food? 5. Litter Trays The general rule for litter trays is one per cat, plus one extra. Lidded or hooded trays are not recommended in multi-cat homes as it can cause territorial disputes around the entrance, although cats of a nervous disposition might find the privacy more comfortable. Stainless steel trays have a few advantages over plastic ones: they're longer lasting, easier to clean and don't trap nasty odours. Cats should have enough space to turn around without being squashed or restricted, and you could try changing the type or brand of litter to one your kitty prefers. Toileting outside the litterbox can also be a sign of stress, anxiety, UTIs and other conditions. ​ Stainless Steel Litter Box has a smooth surface that prevents litter from sticking to the bottom and doesn't absorb smells. High anti-splash sides help to contain litter and are easily removed for cleaning. It may seem extensive but there were times during Drax’s bullying, usually in the early hours of the morning when no one was around to supervise, that he’d trap Simba in the living room. Unable to reach a tray, Simba was forced to pee on the floor. Not only does this cause further distress, but holding in urine can cause cystitis and other urinary problems. If your kitty is too scared to go to the toilet, it's not just your floors that will suffer. Lastly, make sure litter trays are kept clean and remove any mess as soon as possible, especially where territorial aggression is being displayed. Smelling another cat's pheromone-loaded pee all over the house is likely to piss it off even more (pardon the pun). I strongly believe this played a role in managing my own cats' behaviour after we had a problem with stray cats urine spraying outside . Related post: What Are Cat Pheromones and How Do They Work? 6. Bedding Each cat should have its own sleeping area, whether it’s a basket , shelf, cat tree or whatever your fur babies prefer. A territorial cat may try to drive others away by jumping or pouncing on them while they're asleep - so the higher, the better. FEANDREA Cat Tree Tower comes in a choice of sizes and colours, providing plenty of space with thirteen scratch posts; two perches; two caves; a basket and hammock. If you have a dominant kitty that loves to steal everyone’s beds, by giving them options you’re (hopefully) eliminating the problem. Cats love variety, so stay one step ahead by providing more than they need! Shop Pet Furniture → We should address the importance of a cat's sleep, as it's not just a time for rest but crucial for conserving energy. In the wild, cats must stay alert to potential threats and hunting opportunities. They're known for their short naps - hence the term "cat nap" - throughout the day due to their crepuscular nature. This means they're most active before sunrise and sunset, as their usual prey is small rodents and birds that emerge in low light conditions, for which cats have excellent vision . Creating a safe and comfortable environment helps to improve a cat's sleep quality, behavioural health and general wellbeing. Related post: 10 Best Types of Cat Beds 7. Toys Contrary to their reputation for laziness and sleeping for 16 hours a day, cats are known for their short bursts of energy or "zoomies" as they're sometimes referred to. As mentioned above, these energy reserves are used for hunting and being on alert for potential danger. When you consider the average cat toy : feathers, mice, teasers and things with moving parts, they're all designed to stimulate a cat's predatory instincts. Therefore, it's not surprising that cats are amongst the most playful pets you can own. Play is a form of exercise and an essential part of health and wellbeing, just like humans. Even ten minutes a day can make all the difference, especially for indoor cats that require additional stimulation. Depending on the nature and personality of your cat, some are like a can of beans waiting to explode! The more energy that's burned off during play, the better. This means that cats will be too exhausted to fight and need to recharge their kitty batteries for the next hunt. It also helps to take the focus away from other cats, particularly victims of bullying. Offering plenty of toys in different areas or rooms of the home is an essential part of managing aggression. Related post:  DIY Cat Toys That Are Cheap and Easy to Make: Step-by-Step Guides If you're worried about cats fighting when you're away from home and don't want to separate them, interactive or battery-operated toys  c an be left for cats to entertain themselves at their own leisure. YVE LIFE Motion Activated Cat Laser Toy has 3 speeds and a range of movement patterns - no more boring circles! Laser has a working distance of around 4 metres and is USB rechargeable. Remember to pay particular attention to common fighting or ambush zones such as doorways and corridors. I've found scratch mats and posts to be one of the best distractions, as cats scratch to communicate their territorial rights by using the scent glands in their paws. They'll often do this in the presence of other cats, so it allows them to flex their dominance without engaging or attacking. Lastly, if your home allows for it, offer a designated window area where cats can observe the outdoors. Bird feeders are great for attracting wildlife for a realistic cinema experience! Related post: Cat Enrichment Ideas and Boredom Breakers for Indoor Cats 8. Safe Places Offering a private space for any victim cats can help to reduce stress and boost confidence: a quiet room or area where they can’t be disturbed, huts or boxes to hide in and cat trees for height advantage. Our furry friends naturally enjoy the option of different levels, and having that all-important vantage point offers safety from predators. Enclosed spaces can be problematic in some instances, as restricting a cat's vision makes them vulnerable to oncoming predators. I discovered this when Simba used to hide in the wardrobe and hiss whenever Drax peered through the gap in the door. It also gives bullies the perfect opportunity to block entrances, so they should be kept away from hiding places. Fighting is more likely to occur if there aren't enough escape routes and avoidance opportunities, especially where bullying is concerned. Simba would climb any shelf or stand he could get to in order to avoid Drax’s attacks. There are plenty of options available, from free-standing to wall-mounted and even window hammocks. Ramps may be beneficial in narrow corridors, not forgetting those strategically placed scratch posts. PawHut Cat Stand with a round bed covered in plush fabric and sturdy base to prevent toppling. Includes a jute scratching post and hanging pompom. Two dominant cats may be harder to manage, as both will resort to aggression quicker than if one is a submissive Simba. Adding more territory to claim keeps them out of each other's ways, and it was honestly one of the best things I did for my cats. Whether you live in a one-bedroom apartment or three-storey mansion, turning your home into a cat playground can be quick, easy and relatively inexpensive. Related post: Small Cat Tree Stands and Towers for All Cats (Tried and Tested) If investing in cat trees, it's worth choosing one that has a single perch to prevent bullies from trying to encroach on another cat's territory and limit climbing opportunities. Trees with condos are great for saving space, but remember to observe your bully in case it uses huts as blocking and staring opportunities. Visit The main benefits of adding more resources to the home are to limit feelings of competition, avoid unpleasant encounters; provide comfort and make your cats happier overall. A possessive kitty can't guard every food bowl, bed and litter tray at the same time! A stimulating environment with plenty of scratch posts, toys and climbing areas will create a distraction from other “target” cats so they can channel their energy into something positive and fun. Related post:   Top 10 Products I Used to Help Reintroduce Fighting Ca ts 9. Outdoors If cats are free to roam outside then aggression is less easily contained and can spread beyond the boundaries of the home. Using a harness is great for control and exercise but requires more supervision, which isn’t always convenient. It may be wise to let cats out at different times or prevent them from leaving the garden so they can't bump into strays. If your cats are fighting with a neighbour's cat then it's entirely possible that they're bringing that aggression back to the home.   Related post: The 6 Best Cat Deterrents for Gardens and Yards MEWOOFUN Cat Window Hammock features powerful suction cups and a stainless steel frame that can hold a weight of up to 18kg. Double-sided fabric makes it suitable for all seasons and it can be folded up when not in use. A more costly option involves building or installing a catio (cat-patio). This is an enclosure leading from a door or window, usually constructed from a wooden frame and wire mesh. Think of it as a mini conservatory where cats can hang out and bask in the fresh air without the risk of escape. You could also have a self-contained enclosure if free access to the house isn't possible. Omlet has some innovative designs for various outdoor spaces. In cases of severe aggression, you might consider treating them as indoor cats while the issue is being dealt with; or permanently if it persists. Catios are great for preventing fights between neighbourhood c ats. Another danger of letting cats outdoors, particularly in cases of territorial or redirected aggression, is that picking up the scents of strays and intruders might exacerbate the situation. Even the whiff of coming face to face through a cat flap is enough to alert a sensitive kitty. In my own experience, it was highly likely that a cat had urine sprayed in the yard and people had unknowingly trodden it into the house. Rest assured that if another cat has peed on your doorstep, any resident kitties will know about it! What to Do If Your Cats Have Been in a Fight As mentioned above, if cats have engaged in a physical fight - whether with a housemate or a stray - then confine them indoors to prevent further encounters and so you can monitor their behaviour. Keep offending cats separated until there's no visible tension, and don't try to soothe them in the first instance as it can take some time for adrenaline to leave the system. Both of my cats have hissed at me after a fight, so it's best to leave well alone and wait for them to approach you. If cats are showing   signs of aggression   such as hissing and growling, you can place a piece of cardboard or a cushion between them to block off eye contact; or try distracting with a toy. Never use hands to separate cats, especially during a full-contact fight. A long-handled object such as a broom will prevent injury to both cats and humans, or throw a blanket over them before handling. The most important thing is to remain as calm as possible. You'll also need to check for injuries: superficial cuts and bleeding is more easily spotted than bites, as a cat's fangs puncture the skin to create narrow holes that close up quickly and may not be noticeable through their thick fur. This can trap bacteria and cause infections or abscesses that worsen over time. Most wounds generally heal without treatment and cats return to their normal selves, but if they appear withdrawn, limp or quieter than usual then you should consult a vet immediately. Keep claws trimmed to minimise injury to other cats. Related post: 3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting How Can I Tell If Cats Are Fighting or Playing? Not all cats enjoy play fighting, especially with a dominant kitty that they'd rather steer clear of; but if they do engage in a good ol' wrestling match then there's no need to break it up. In fact, this is great for bonding and helps cats to burn off energy without you having to lift a finger - or toy, in this case. It's normal for cats to chase, pounce, roll and bat each other around. You might see them biting each other's necks while wrestling but this isn't an attempt to maim. If cats wanted to injure each other then they would, and you'd know about it from the screams of the victim. This is a scary notion, but spotting the differences between play and aggression   is simple once you know how. Play fighting is usually silent, although you might hear the odd hiss or cry if it gets rough, but cats will return to normal with no lingering tension afterwards. Occasionally, an overexcited kitty may not take the hint and continue the play session regardless. To prevent the situation from escalating, distract it with a toy and separate if necessary. Pet Remedy plug-in diffuser contains a low concentration of valerian and essential oils to work with a cat's natural calming mechanisms when tackling stress and anxiety. Ideal for most pets including cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents and birds. Products That Reduce Aggression in Cats In addition to environmental modifications, there are many helpful products on the market that claim to reduce aggression. This is usually achieved by targeting anxiety or stress-related behaviours: scratching, urine spraying , overgrooming and hiding amongst others. Even if anxiety isn’t the cause of fighting in multi-cat households, it can certainly be a result. The most common products include plug-in diffusers  that release essential oils or pheromones (such as Feliway ); calming sprays , collars and supplements . Related post: Best Cat Calming Plug-in Pheromone Diffusers (Tried and Tested) Unfortunately, this doesn’t always solve the problem and additional steps must be taken. The most common and recommended method is the separation and reintroduction  process. Summary Get cats checked over by a vet to rule out any medical issues or conditions. Identify and remove potential stressors. Ensure plenty of resources to eliminate competition (food stations, litter trays, bedding, etc). Add more territory to help cats stay out of each other's ways. Offer plenty of toys and playtime to burn off excess energy. Keep cats indoors if possible. The road to solving aggression can be a long one, and as any advice will tell you, early intervention is more likely to result in a successful outcome. One of the most common issues parents face is fighting in multi-cat households, particularly aggression between indoor cats. Even if it takes months before your fur babies can share a space together, going through the correct procedures can prevent more aggression from building up over time. Cats may lose their bonds, be it temporarily or permanently, and the ultimate decision as to whether they can live in harmony is down to them. All we can do is aid the process, which will be much harder if they’ve built up an ingrained hatred for one other. Happy cats need a happy home, and it starts by creating a cat-friendly environment. Check out this post for more tips and advice: Where to Put a Cat's Food and Water Bowls, Litter Tray, Bedding and Other Essential Resources Mentioned Products FEANDREA Large Cat Tree Amazon Basics Cat Scratching Post FELIWAY Optimum Cat Calming Plug-In Do you have your own experiences with inter-cat aggression? Let us know in the comments if this article helped or share any hints and tips of your own.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. All photos are my own and previously unpublished. Dealing with inter-cat aggression has been a learning curve in many ways and, at times, a costly one too. Not just in money but in time, effort and sanity! Throughout this site you'll find numerous articles on aggression between my boys and cats in general, from how it started to each stage of the reintroduction process. I've spent a lot of time trying different products and remedies, some of which I've mentioned previously, and wanted to share everything in one place. Note that just because these things worked for me doesn't necessarily mean you'll have the same success. All cats are different and will respond to different things. Hopefully, this article will offer some ideas and advice to point you in the right direction - and don't forget that you can adapt things to suit your cat's preferences and requirements. Visit If you haven't already done so, I recommend checking out these posts before continuing to get more of an idea on my situation and if it resonates with your own; as well as an in-depth look at some of the processes and techniques I used along the way. The earlier you can intervene, the more chance there is of a positive outcome. Related posts: How to Reintroduce Cats After a Fight in 6 Steps How I Successfully Reintroduced Cats After Fighting None of the following recommendations are meant to replace veterinary care or medical treatment. You should always take cats for a health check-up to rule out underlying illnesses or conditions that could be causing your cat pain or suffering. Top 10 Products I Used to Help Reintroduce Fighting Cats: Comfort Zone Pheromone Diffuser YuMOVE Calming Care Beaphar Calming Cat Treats Pet Remedy Calming Spray Venture Q-Fit Baby Gate Feandrea Large Cat Tree Tower PawHut Multi-Level Cat Tree MEWOOFUN Cat Window Hammock Tyasoleil Interactive Cat Toy LED Cat Laser Pointer Remedies Comfort Zone Pheromone Diffuser I'm kicking off with pheromone diffusers because it's the easiest and most effective remedy that you want to begin when cats start showing signs o f stress or associated behaviours. Stress is a number one culprit when bonded cats start fighting , and pheromone diffusers can take anything from 1-4 weeks to see the full effects. I tried several well-known brands in the UK, including the big one, Feliway - but there really was no match for Comfort Zone. Made for use in single and multi-cat homes, Comfort Zone emits an analogue of feline pheromones to tackle all common signs of stress and conflict between cats in the same household. This includes behaviours such as scratching , urine spraying , excessive vocalisation, overgrooming and fighting. I use two diffusers to cover upstairs and downstairs, as well as a third one in my bedroom where the cats spend a lot of time. This does bump up the cost, but it's still cheaper than the leading brand and makes a great budget option. Refill packs are even better value for money, and you can always tell when a vial runs out because the hissing starts all over again! Related post: Best Cat Calming Plug-in Pheromone Diffusers (Tried and Tested) YuMOVE Calming Care YuMOVE contains a unique combination of ingredients to help maintain calming pathways in the brain and support relaxation. Similar to diffusers, it can be used for stress-inducing events such as fireworks, changes to the environment; moving home and new pets or people. It's most effective when given daily, with easy-opening capsules so powder can be sprinkled over food. Related post: Signs of Stress in Cats, Causes and Treatment I will mention that my fussy felines won't eat anything that smells even slightly abnormal, and YuMOVE does have a strong fishy aroma. However, it's easily administered in a syringe with a drop of water (if your cats are willing). While this didn't stop the fighting by any means, it did help Simba to chill out so he was less reactive to Drax's bullying. Even though they're no longer at war, it doesn't take much for tension to resurface and there's still a way to go as far as rebuilding the trust goes. I've found that YuMOVE helps in this respect, but I stopped giving it to Drax as he doesn't have the same anxiety issues as his brother. Main ingredients: Lemon balm promotes relaxation, soothes stress and encourages calmer behaviour. L-Tryptophan is an amino acid which is involved in the production of serotonin, helping to reduce stress. B vitamins play an important role in supporting a cat's overall health and brain function. The combination of natural GABA and L-Arginine helps to maintain calming pathways in the brain and support relaxation. Fish protein supports a cat's brain and helps calming signals to find the right spot. Also available from the YuMOVE brand are products designed to support joint care and healthy digestion for cats and dogs. Always consult with a veterinarian before giving pets supplements. Related post: Calming Supplement Reviews: ZylKene and YuMOVE Calming Care for Cats (Tried and Tested) Beaphar Calming Cat Treats I bought these calming treats on a whim because they were on special offer, but I didn't expect them to have much of an effect. The product description claims they help to reduce the symptoms of distress and unwanted behaviour such as scratching, constant meowing, spraying and fighting. Treats contain a mixture of herbs, including: Melissa - calming and soothing with muscle relaxing properties. Lavender - calming scent and properties. Rosemary - reduces stress and anxiety by improving state of wellbeing. Hops - calming and soothing. Lime tree blossom - muscle relaxing properties and appeasing effects. As mentioned previously, my boys are so fussy that they refused to eat the treats by themselves, despite the packaging boasting a "delicious meaty flavour" (aka chicken). The recommended dose for ongoing use is 2 treats per day, which I had to hide in a pile of kibble or other treat biscuits. They're also quite hard to chew, so I wouldn't advise giving them to senior cats or kittens. It was hard to tell if Beaphar treats made much of a difference until the packet ran out. I started to notice that the boys were becoming slightly more reactive to each other - so of course, I bought some more! I eventually stopped giving them to Simba as it seemed unnecessary on top of the YuMove, but I still sneak a couple into Drax's Dreamies treats just for something to take the edge off. Every little helps when you parent a couple of skittish cats that have a tendency to take their fears and anxieties out on each other. I wouldn't recommend Beaphar Calming Treats as a standalone remedy, but rather for short-term situations such as prior to a vet visit or stressful event. This is because they don't need time to build up in the system like YuMove. Beaphar offers a range of calming products that you can read more about here: Beaphar Cat Calming Products: Diffuser, Spray, Spot-On, Collar and Tablets Pet Remedy Calming Spray Pet Remedy is arguably the most well-known brand after Feliway, although products have one major difference in how they function. Rather than using pheromone technology, Pet Remedy contains a blend of valerian, vetiver, basil and clary sage essential oils. Their range of diffusers, wipes and sprays are clinically proven to work with pets' natural calming systems by mimicking GABA (also an ingredient of YuMove) which is a natural calming agent present in all mammals, birds and reptiles. This means products aren't cat specific and can be used on a range of pets, and the low concentration of oils is gentle and starts to help immediately. The spray can be spritzed over bedding, cat trees, carriers or anywhere your kitty likes to hang out to promote calm and relaxation. It's important to remember that Pet Remedy, along with other calming products, are only a support mechanism to help calm excited nerves. There's still a matter of learnt and reactive behaviours to deal with . The main benefit for me is having an extra level of calm for my overly skittish cats. It doesn't take much to spook them into turning on each other, even more so since the aggression started: fireworks, thunder, clanging pots and pans, opening the oven door.... More recently, I've started using Feliway Classic Spray in fighting zones which has made a massive difference as far as reducing unpleasant encounters. Related post: 6 Best Cat Calming Sprays Territory Venture Q-Fit Baby Gate Venture isn't only an award-winning UK baby care brand, but this product is suitable for larger pets too! Unlike dogs, it's a common concern when cat proofing the home that they can jump over whatever barrier you put in place. While this isn't specifically built for cats, it stands at 110cm which is taller than your average baby gate. My boys have never attempted to jump over it, and you can block off any visual temptations by draping a blanket or sheet over the top of it. Other features: Expands to fit openings, doorways, halls and staircases with a width of 75cm-84cm. Pressure mounted with included wall cups for added security. Unique 90°  two-way opening door with safety locking feature. Available in black or white. Shop Pet Furniture → Feandrea Large Cat Tree Tower Cat trees are an essential part of feline furniture, whether you have one cat or an army of them. They're not only beneficial for sleeping, resting and climbing, but safety too. In the wild, cats seek height advantage to look out for or escape larger predators, so it makes sense that they'd use them to avoid other household cats. Feandrea Cat Tree Tower stands at 143cm and has multiple levels, with two cushioned perches, a roomy condo and lower hammock. This was Simba's safe zone and I honestly don't know how we'd have managed without it in those early stages. The height was a great deterrent, as Drax tended to go after him on smaller trees if they could reach to swipe each other. Even if he tried to follow, there was enough time to stop him from getting to the top or encroaching on Simba's space. Simba was able to keep a watchful eye on his brother prowling around the living room during their supervised meetings. Once they grew more tolerant of each other, it provided an opportunity to get used to sharing the same space again and, eventually, sleeping side by side on the two perches. Other features: Large, sturdy base, making it safe to climb for multiple cats without toppling over. Multiple resting spots. Hanging pompoms and scratch posts for added enrichment . PawHut Multi-Level Cat Tree Firstly, PawHut is my favourite brand for cat trees and you can guarantee that products are high quality, sturdy and worth every penny. I invested quite a bit in cat furniture, probably more so than anything else because keeping the boys out of each other's ways was a crucial part of avoiding conflict. I plan on adding more territory over time, including wall-mounted shelving. Providing these avoidance/escape opportunities really made a difference, and I figured the steps would make it easier for Simba to climb up to safety without being cornered - such a horror movie cliché , I know. It was actually Drax that started using them, which was surprising given that he was the bully or chaser in these scenarios. This told me that he didn't want to engage in confrontation but, more likely, he felt that he had no choice. As I've highlighted so many times, stress can have major impacts on a cat's behaviour. Drax seemed to use the steps as a quick exit so he could observe his brother without it falling into a territorial battle. By making sure there was always something to jump onto if they had to pass by each other in close proximity, it gave both cats their own space and Simba's confidence grew from there. I can't stress enough the importance of adding as much territory as your home allows - just a small elevation off ground level makes a huge difference to a cat's personal space. Check out this post for more recommendations: Small Cat Tree Stands and Towers for All Cats (Tried and Tested) Other features: Sisal-wrapped scratching posts for sharpening claws. Made from solid particle board and covered in soft plush fabric. Round top perch, which is quite small for an adult cat but Drax is 5kg and just manages to squeeze onto it. Helps senior cats and kittens to climb. This is a medium-sized cat stand at 100cm tall, which is probably why Simba doesn't use it. Taller cat trees with built-in huts or beds are more suitable for scared or anxious cats to hide in. MEWOOFUN Cat Window Hammock Window hammocks, seats or perches aren't only great for indoor cats , but convenient for saving space and can be folded up when not in use. There are a few different styles, including hammocks that clip onto window frames that can be easily removed. I was never a fan of the suction cup application due to the danger of them falling off, but they've come a long way in design and features. I recommend this one because, rather than wetting suction cups and leaving them to dry, these are simply pressed onto the window and tightened with caps that essentially suck all the air out using pressure. A small word of caution, if windows become condensed then it can cause slippage between the glass and suction cups. Always ensure a clean, dry surface for maximum hold. For larger windows, you could apply multiple hammocks to create a fun climbing area. This is a good alternative to wall-mounted shelves that can cause permanent damage to decor. Other features: Double-sided washable mat with a combination of breathable mesh and soft plush for all seasons. Stainless steel frame that can hold up to 18kg. Multiple sizes and colours. *This item has since been upgraded with even stronger suction cups! Toys and Enrichment Tyasoleil Interactive Cat Toy If you're familiar with this site - and my cats - then you'll know that playtime is more of a chore than entertainment for my lazy dumplings. I've tried numerous interactive toys for the promise of extra stimulation, but they're still more excited by a screwed up ball of paper than a £30 gadget. It doesn't help that they're a couple of wimps that scarper from anything that moves too fast or too noisily. However, this was the only toy I found that distracted them enough to take the focus away from hissing at each other. In fact, it was the first time they were able to sit side by side in a room together for weeks, so I have to give it some credit. Tyasoleil Interactive Cat Toy was actually recommended on another blog that described a similar case of redirected aggression between sibling cats but, unfortunately, I can't remember the name. I'm making the same recommendation in the hopes that it'll help you as much as it helped me in those early stages. So, how does it work? In short, feathers are attached to the wand that slots into a rotating base, and the unpredictable motion patterns mimic real-life prey. There are three play modes: "Escape", where feathers fly through the air; "Hide and Seek" under the plastic sheet; and affixing the base to a cat tree post. Other features: Fleecy base design to prevent slippage. Slow, medium and fast speeds for cats of all ages. USB rechargeable. Auto shut-off after 5 minutes and reactivated by touch so cats can operate the toy themselves. The only downside, along with every other toy, is that the novelty wears off fast and my cats were bored after the initial excitement. To keep things fun, this lives in the toy box and I get it out every other day so it's always something new. Related post: 12 Types of Cat Toys and Games for All Cats to Play LED Cat Laser Pointer Laser pointers should ideally be used in combination with toys so cats have a physical "prey" or reward to avoid frustration, but as far as distraction goes, I was never without a laser pointer in my pocket. You never known when things might kick off, and lasers give cats a focus as well as something to chase. More than that, it allows you to lead cats away from each other or wherever you want them to go. This particular product is multifunctional with a built-in flashlight and UV mode, while the laser comes in a choice of shapes including the standard dot, a smiley face, mouse, butterfly and star. The cute design is comfortable to hold for long periods of time. While these aren't the only products I used when reintroducing my cats, they were the most useful in my experience. With a combination of natural remedies, toys, enrichment and territory, it should be much easier for cats to get along - but it won't happen overnight. Find a process or routine that works best for your cats and, remember, I'm always on hand to offer more products and advice! Information accurate from December 2025 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Have you tried any of these recommendations? Did they work for your cats? Feel free to share in the comments any products or advice that others might find helpful when dealing with inter-cat aggression.

I am not affiliated with any of these organisations, nor is this site endorsed by them in any way. Websites for Cat Owners Some trusted websites that have helped me and thousands of cat owners. Cats Protection General help and advice. Also visit the Cats Protection blog . Blue Cross General help and advice. International Cat Care General help and advice. Jackson Galaxy Everyone's favourite cat daddy and feline expert. Dr Michael W Fox Cat health, behaviour and nutrition. CatInfo Feline health and nutrition. Caticles Raw feeding tips and advice with homemade recipes. Articles Helpful articles on various topics. PDSA: First Aid for Pets Cats Protection: List of Dangerous and Cat-Safe Flowers Cats Protection: List of Dangerous and Cat-Safe Indoor Plants GoCompare: A Guide to Travelling and Travel Insurance with Pets Please check back regularly for updates to this page!

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. We've all heard the term "cat fight" but we might not stop to think about what it really means until finding ourselves caught in the middle of one. Given everything we know about our feline friends and possible causes of aggression, it should come as no surprise that household cats may squabble on occasion. Whether it's one cat stealing another's bed or unintentionally blocking access to the litter tray, miscommunications and misunderstandings are commonplace in multi-cat households. The problem occurs when bonded or sibling cats that have been living in harmony for years are suddenly at war with one another. I can say without a doubt that this was one of the worst experiences of my life, and messages from you lovely readers tell me that I'm not alone. When it comes to feline aggression, there are so many sub-topics that branch off into different areas. At the risk of repeating myself, this article will cover in more detail three main reasons why bonded cats are fighting and how you can help. Related post: Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats 3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting: Health Territory Stress 1. Health Even if cats seem to be in good health, it's crucial to get them checked over by a vet to rule out any medical issues and seek treatment if necessary. Cats are both predators and prey in the wild, meaning they'll hide their ailments for as long as possible. Painful diseases such as arthritis, UTIs and dental problems could be making your cat grumpy; as well as hyperthyroidism and other conditions. Cats can also sense illness in other cats, so if you have a bully on your hands then it may be picking on a weaker or infirm kitty because it's less likely to retaliate. If your cats haven’t been neutered or spayed then this is the first piece of advice your vet should offer. Hormones aside, some cats are or can be overly territorial by nature; others simply don’t get on with other cats, particularly in cases of new additions whereby a hierarchy hasn’t been established. It’s also not uncommon for cats that previously got along to suddenly decide they no longer care for each other. While I initially wondered if this was the case with my boys, it didn’t explain Drax’s random bouts of aggression. With a history if UTIs (urinary tract infections) it made sense to get a health check-up, and it was discovered that he had crystals in his wee: a condition that can cause painful urination and bladder inflammation. Whether this was or wasn’t contributing to Drax’s mood swings, treatment required a strict diet change to urinary food - a challenge all by itself. Trying to introduce a cat to new food at the same time as managing aggression felt like an extra kick in the face, particularly as the two go hand in hand. Food is one of the best distractions and a vital part of the separation and reintroduction process . The most important thing to note is that no matter how much your kitties hate that vet’s office (or how much you dread taking them) the sooner you get it over with, the sooner you can deal with any underlying issues.   Is your kitty in need of a health check-up? Follow this helpful guide on how to prepare cats for a vet visit . 2. Territory The territorial nature of felines is as instinctive as eating and sleeping and has evolved over thousands of years. In the wild, cats are solitary creatures that only come together for the purpose of mating. Other reasons they might encounter each other are competing for food (prey) or one cat entering another cat's territory. Cats use many different scent glands around their bodies, including the face, paws and urine to let other cats know that an area is marked or "claimed". It also helps them to feel safe and comfortable within an environment when surrounded by their own scent. Comfort Zone plug-in pheromone diffuser for single or multi-cat homes. Creates a calm, relaxing environment to help reduce stress and other problem behaviours, as well as tension and fighting between household cats. When we consider all of this, along with body language , gestures and vocalisations, cats are so well equipped to warn and defend that coming to blows in a physical fight is usually a last resort. The good news is that with the gradual domestication of cats and less need to protect or compete for resources, such as food and shelter, their ability to form social bonds has also increased. Despite this, living indoors is so far from a cat's natural habitat that we should be thankful they can live together at all. Even cats that coexist well and are used to sharing a space may enter into territorial disputes if they feel a need to defend their marked patch. Related post: Indoor and House Cat Care Guide A cat's territory can include anything from houses and gardens to streets and neighbourhoods. How willing they are to engage in physical conflict varies from cat to cat, as some will be more confident or dominant than others. There's some debate about whether bullying is abnormal behaviour for cats; after all, we humans are the reason why they're living in unnatural habitats and conditions, being forced to cohabit with other animals and confined to small areas. PawHut Multi-level Cat Tree with a spacious condo, soft padded top bed and middle perch. Includes a hanging ball, sisal posts and massage toy. Tree stands at 85cm and is perfect for cats of all ages. It's true in the case of outdoor cats, that if they weren't happy with their living arrangements then they simply wouldn't return to their owners. Yet their owners offer shelter, warmth, food and attention, which is seemingly enough to keep them coming back for more. I'm sure there's a word for this in human terms! We can't condemn cats for defending their territory, all we can do is offer more of it. More food and water stations, more litter trays, more sleeping areas, more perches and stands - more everything! It's also about knowing your cat and what's normal behaviour for them. If you have a placid or submissive kitty that suddenly turns aggressive overnight, as was the case with Drax, then there's a good chance that he or she is in need of help. Keeping cats stimulated, active and engaged can go a long way in helping to prevent or limit antisocial behaviour. Discover more tips in this helpful post: Cat Enrichment Ideas and Boredom Breakers for Indoor Cats 3. Stress Stress in cats can be caused by a multitude of emotional, psychological or health-related issues. It's also possible for stress to trigger certain conditions - cystitis, for example - so it's not surprising that it can effect cats on a behavioural level, too. All felines are sensitive to change, particularly when it concerns their environment, and external situations can cause anxiety or fear-based reactions that may seem overdramatic to humans. Getting spooked by a loud noise, a stranger entering the house or seeing a stray cat through a window are all examples of possible triggers for redirected aggression . Feliway Classic Spray contains pheromones that help to reduce common signs of stress. Can be used during major changes including renovations, travel and vet visits. Available in 20ml or 60ml bottles that are suitable for use at home or on the go. These situations can trigger an emotional response known as the "fight-or-flight" mechanism, which prepares the body for danger with a huge adrenaline spike. People that suffer from anxiety-related disorders may be all-too familiar with this sensation: panic attacks, fear and danger are capable of throwing any human into survival mode. Cats have a strong innate survival instinct due to being in danger of predators in the wild, meaning simple misunderstandings can escalate into physical altercations. The amount of time it takes for adrenaline to leave the system can vary from hours to days, or sometimes longer. In some cases, tension between household cats may have been brewing for some time without your knowledge, as signs of aggression can be very subtle to the untrained eye. It might seem as though your cats have suddenly started fighting after living in harmony for years, but it's more likely that either one or both of them have finally reached a breaking point. Related post: Signs of Stress in Cats, Causes and Treatment It's relatively easy to distinguish who the aggressor or bully is going off behaviour alone. Victim cats will run and hide, spending a lot of time in safe places such as cat trees and stands. They may react dramatically with defensive postures, hissing or growling whenever the bully encroaches on its space. If it isn't outright attacking then this is a clear indication of defensive aggression. Your bully, on the other hand, may stare, follow, chase, stalk and ambush; as well as claiming beds and resting places by pushing the other cat off, jumping or pouncing on them. It will also block access to resources, entry and exit points by positioning itself in doorways and corridors. As mentioned, this can be very subtle and appear as though the cat is innocently resting in a non-specific location. Related post: Where to Put a Cat's Food and Water Bowls, Litter Tray, Bedding and Other Essential Resources The more the victim reacts, the worse the bullying gets, with the aim of driving it out of their territory. This might have been going on for some time before it becomes noticeable, with the victim using avoidance tactics so they appear to be getting along. In reality, it could be a culmination of days, weeks or months of pent-up frustration and stress boiling to the surface. What to Do If Your Cats Are Fighting Assuming you've made it through the vet trip and arranged treatment for any issues or, even better, your kitties have been given the all clear, it's time to put all of the above into practice to identify the type of aggression being displayed. If your vet hasn't referred you to a behaviourist and you want to go down that route, it's relatively easy to search online for a reputable expert in your area or one that may be willing to work with you remotely.​ I recommend spending some one-on-one time with your cats and keeping a journal of every aspect of their behaviour that stands out as being odd or unusual. Are the concerned parties happy by themselves? Do their moods change once they’re in the same room or face to face? Are they okay in certain areas of the home but not in others? Where do they fight most? What leads up to the fights? What kind of aggression is being displayed? Is it offensive or defensive? Do these roles switch or stay the same? Is there a clear “bully” and a clear “victim”? In the case of my boys, both seemed content by themselves or if one entered a room while the other was sleeping. They tolerated each other more on different levels: for example, if Simba (victim) was at the highest point of his cat tree. Face-to-face encounters and unexpected meetings usually ended in spats. There was also a lot of role swapping, whereby Simba would get so pissed off at Drax's bullying that when Drax did eventually want to make friends, Simba wasn't having any of it. Again, it may be worth investing in a specialist who can observe your cats and make an accurate diagnosis. Alternatively, there's a lot you can do at home to ease some of the tension, from environmental modifications to natural remedies such as pheromone diffusers . Related post: How I Successfully Reintroduced Cats After Fighting Does any of the above sound familiar? Share your story in the comments or get in touch to let us know if this article helped.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Playtime isn't only a fun and rewarding part of a cat's daily routine, but crucial to their physical health and emotional wellbeing. There are many benefits associated with play, as discussed in this post: How to Play with Cats of All Ages: Motivation Tips and Tricks . Some of these benefits include: Exercise and mobility. Weight management. Exploration of the environment. Sensory enrichment. Socialisation and bonding. Confidence building. Mental stimulation. Behavioural therapy. While toys can be categorised according to a cat's age, it also helps to consider their breed and personality type. Generally speaking, playtime should focus on igniting those predatory instincts for maximum effect. Kittens have a lot of energy to burn off and play helps with the socialisation period, which is between 2-7 weeks of age. It can also have a crucial role in resolving conflict between household cats. Related post:  Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats Seniors may be more suited to sensory enrichment and mental challenges, such as puzzles to keep the mind active. However, a lot of it depends on energy levels which will vary from cat to cat, just as with people. 12 Types of Cat Toys and Play Games: Balls Feathers Soft Toys Laser Pointers Wands or Teasers Catnip Toys Interactive Treat Dispensers Tunnels, Huts and Boxes Scratch Posts Videos DIY A search for cat toys on Amazon will result in pages and pages of offerings, but the truth is that almost anything can be a toy: bits of screwed up paper, string, elastic bands, shoe laces, twigs, cardboard boxes. My boys love it when I come up with new inventions, however basic they are. Cats are easily bored so variety counts - just be sure to supervise to prevent them from swallowing anything they shouldn't. Simply, your cats will tell you what they want to play with in the same way they make all of their other demands. Cats that love to chase may favour balls, mice, laser pointers or as mentioned above, something as simple as flicking elastic bands across a room. You know cats rule the house when it's littered with bands and paper balls! Below is a summary of the most common types of cat toys. 1. Balls A simple option, but here's where variety counts. Texture is important to cats, whether it's toys, bedding or food - if your cat has a preference then you'll likely know about it. You can choose from crinkle balls, rubber balls, fluffy balls, plastic balls; and balls with bell, feather or string attachments. We associate balls more with dogs, so why do cats love playing with them? They're small, fast-moving and lightweight - just like rodents. If your kitty isn't enthused by chasing and batting or prefers a more realistic prey, then ball games probably won't hold their interest. Similarly, an older cat may not be able to keep up with runaway balls that have a tendency to disappear under furniture! Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Chasing, stalking, batting. Kitten, adult. Inexpensive. Easy to use, variety of textures and sounds. Can get lost, not as physically stimulating as other toys. Recommendation: 2. Feathers Feathers are a popular choice and, again, they come in a variety of styles. From wands to ball attachments, and even mice with feather tails! Cats are attracted to feathers for multiple reasons: they mimic natural prey, have realistic fluttering motions and are often brightly coloured. While cats don't see colours in the same way that we do, experts believe they can see some shades due to having cones or colour receptors in their eyes. Feather toys will appeal to cats who like to stalk birds, jump and pounce. Related post: Cat Vision: How Do Cats See the World? You do need to be cautious with feathers as they're not easily digestible and can cause intestinal obstructions or choking if swallowed. This might sound scary, but all toys should be offered under supervision and replaced if damaged. Look for natural feather toys over artificial ones, and if your kitty likes to chew then feathers that aren't heavily dyed are less likely to cause toxicity. Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Stalking, batting, pouncing. Kitten, adult, senior. Inexpensive. Easy to use, realistic, mimics natural prey. Limited usage, easily torn apart. Recommendation: 3. Soft Toys Soft or plush toys such as mice, birds and fish replicate a cat's natural prey - which could be enough to get that adrenaline pumping. Or not.... but again I refer to the texture aspect. Perhaps your cat prefers a small hard mouse to a large soft bird, and some toys have a special filling that rustles or rattles when played with. Stimulating multiple senses at once provides extra enrichment for a curious kitty. Overall, soft toys are fun to bat around, grab, scratch, chew and cuddle - cats enjoy their creature comforts, too! Try leaving a few poking out from behind furniture or lining the top of your sofa to arouse that kitty curiosity. Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Stalking, batting, gnawing. Kitten, adult, senior. Inexpensive. Easy to use, mimics prey, safe to chew. Less physically stimulating than other toys. Recommendation: 4. Laser Pointers This is an easy option for stimulating and controlling play, although potentially difficult for an old or blind cat to follow. It also comes with a warning, as the overuse of laser pointers carries a risk of boredom and even frustration. With nothing physical to catch, cats are lacking the necessary reward to keep them coming back for more. Imagine sitting down to tuck into your favourite meal, only to have it repeatedly snatched away. Sooner or later, you're either going to give up or punch that person in the nose. If a cat has a lot of pent-up energy or becomes overexcited, it's going to take that out on the nearest thing. Lasers are great for chasing and burning off energy, while interactive options make it easier than ever to entertain cats when you're away from home. Just make sure kitty has a physical toy to bat around and gnaw on if desired. Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Chasing, stalking, pouncing. Kitten, adult. Inexpensive, moderate. Physically and mentally stimulating, aids bonding with humans. Cats may get bored, unsuitable for blind or visually impaired cats. Recommendation: 5. Wands or Teasers Wands and teasers never get boring and provide an array of exciting play options. From simple feather wands to retractable teasers with inter-changeable ends (feathers, fish, worms, etc). Wire, cord or spring "arms" give realistic motions and flight simulation for cats that love to jump and pounce. Use wands and teasers to unleash the predator within, stimulate the senses and keep a kitty's mind laser sharp. Using different heights, levels and speeds encourages cats to anticipate the next move for a well-earned catch. Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Chasing, pouncing, catching, stalking, jumping. Kitten, adult. Inexpensive, moderate. Physical exercise, stimulates predatory instincts, variety of teasers. Limited usage, not ideal for old or infirm cats. Recommendation: 6. Catnip Toys You're probably aware of catnip and the euphoric effect it has on our furry friends. Catnip is a herb belonging to the mint family that can be bought in dried blends, sprays, licking balls or infused toys for an extra "buzz" and to encourage interaction. In a hyperactive response, you may see cats zoom around and nuzzle toys that are either stuffed, sprayed or sprinkled with the substance. Not all cats are reactive to catnip, some may be immune or simply zone out. You can also spray or sprinkle dried catnip onto scratch mats, bedding and cat trees. Find out more about the benefits of catnip and it's more potent competitor, silvervine. Related post: 15 Best Catnip Toys, Blends and Sprays Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Stalking, batting, gnawing. Adult, senior. Inexpensive, moderate. Easy to use, lots of variety, offers extra stimulation. Not effective on kittens until 3-6 months, some cats may be immune. Recommendation: 7. Interactive Interactive or battery-operated toys come in many forms: rolling balls, fluttering butterflies, flapping fish, whack-a-feather, laser devices and so much more. These are usually high energy toys that keep cats motivated and improve cognition. It's the closest you can get to real-life prey and, again, it's best to choose one that most resonates with your cat's hunting or prey preferences. The great thing about interactive toys is that it gives parents a break and provides hours of fun even when no one's home. Although, if your cats are anything like my wimpy duo then they're more likely to be terrified than entertained! Related post: 12 Best Interactive Cat Toys Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Chasing, pouncing, stalking, batting. Kitten, adult. Moderate, expensive. Lots of variety, physical and mental stimulation, mimics prey. Not designed for old or timid cats, can be expensive. Recommendation: 8. Treat Dispensers Treat dispensers, also known as puzzles, are designed to release a cat's favourite treat upon interaction. It encourages cats to either bat the toy around so treats fall out of the holes, or use its paw to physically pick them out. This is not only good for brain function but combines exercise and play with feeding, as the cat is effectively "hunting" for its treats. You can also use kibble in dispensers as a feeding method to prevent cats from scoffing their food too quickly or all at once, which can cause vomiting, digestive problems and obesity. While food puzzles won't harm a kitten in moderation, a growing cat requires complete meals and won't generally need an incentive to play. Besides that, the overfeeding of treats can turn an energetic kitten into a hyperactive terror! If you have a fussy eater or your cat isn't motivated by food, you can try an easy puzzle to start with and increase the difficulty as it shows more interest. Some just need a little helping hand! Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Batting, chasing. Adult, senior. Inexpensive, moderate. Mentally stimulating, helps with weight loss. Limited usage, not physically stimulating. Recommendation: 9. Tunnels, Huts and Boxes We all know cats love to stalk, whether that means hunting for prey or pouncing on other cats. One of my boys' favourite games is chasing each other up and down stairs and hallways, usually beginning with a carefully planned stalk and pounce. Tunnels, huts and even furniture provide plenty of spying opportunities for cats that enjoy playing together. It can also help timid cats to build up confidence, especially if they live with more outgoing housemates. In the wild, cats seek out small hidden spaces for protection against predators; while darkness adds another layer of comfort and security. Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Hiding, stalking. Kitten, adult, senior. Inexpensive, moderate. Good for shy or timid cats, can be used in addition to other toys, doubles up as a sleeping area. Not stimulating for more energetic cats. Recommendation: 10. Scratch Posts Scratch posts, mats and boards, while not strictly a toy, have multiple benefits for cats and parents alike. Cats scratch to sharpen their claws and will happily use your carpets or furniture to do this. Offering plenty of posts and mats will deter them from causing damage to your household. They also have scent glands between the pads of their paws, thus scratching provides a way of leaving their scents and visual markings so other cats know it's their territory. Cats use scratch posts to stretch the muscles in their arms and legs, as you may have witnessed with their little "pole dance" routines. In the wild they'd be climbing and marking trees, so it's not much different in theory. You can also get corrugated cardboard scratchers that double up as beds and resting places; and posts with hanging toys such as balls and feathers. Related post: Cardboard and Sisal Cat Scratcher Reviews (Tried and Tested) Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Scratching, batting, climbing. Kitten, adult, senior. Moderate, expensive. Allows cats to sharpen claws, stretch and climb. Not many play options to keep cats entertained. Recommendation: 11. Videos Yes, I'm talking about YouTube - we're living with modern cats in modern times. It's not unusual to see parents sticking their children in front of a tablet for entertainment, so why not apply this to our fur babies? Though more mental stimulation than physical, it's particularly great for indoor cats . Simba loves to watch wildlife videos and it's an easy way to find out what peeks your cat's killer instinct. You can set YouTube up on your phone, computer, tablet or TV screen for your cat's viewing pleasure. From cartoon snakes, fish and bugs to live wildlife footage - there's hours of fun to be had and, what's more, it's free! However, don't think you can get away with treating your kitten like a child with a shiny new tablet. Similar to laser pointers, you could risk overstimulation or frustration and make them even more hyperactive. Keep that screen time limited, if at all. Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Watching, patting or swatting. Kitten, adult, senior. Free. Mental stimulation, good for old and indoor cats. Lack of physical exercise, may lead to inactivity or boredom. 12. DI Y For playtime on a budget, something as basic as a cardboard box with a couple of cut-out windows will provide entertainment for your cat. Existing toys can be modified by attaching string to mice and balls or making your own teaser wands. Toilet roll tubes are a popular choice for homemade treat puzzles: simply cover the ends with paper and make a couple of holes for the treats to fall out as kitty rolls it around. From cardboard boxes to catnip-stuffed socks, check out this fun-filled post on cheap and easy DIY cat toys . Activity Age Price Advantages Disadvantages Chasing, pouncing, stalking, batting, scratching, hiding, gnawing. Kitten, adult, senior. Inexpensive. No limits, can customise toys to cat's tastes and requirements, cheap to make. Time consuming, may need crafting materials. Does your adult cat, kitten or senior have a favourite toy or game? Let us know if any of these tips helped in the comments.

It was long thought that the domestication of cats began in Ancient Egypt around 4,000 years ago when they started to appear in hieroglyphics and art, but these were likely to have been wild cats rather than the fluffballs we know and adore. In fact, evidence for taming the African wildcat has been discovered in Southern Cyprus that dates back to 7500-7200 BC, but scientists believe they were brought over from the Middle East and not a native species. Cats had many practical roles in Ancient Egyptian society. Their predatory nature made them a perfect solution for killing vermin, such as rodents that destroyed crops; and chasing away venomous snakes and scorpions. They were also used on hunting trips to catch birds and fish from around the Nile River. As agriculture grew, the domestic cat became more popular and was adopted by cultures around the world. Visit 10 Facts About Cats in Ancient Egypt 1. Vessels for the Gods While many aspects of the Ancient Egyptian civilisation remain a mystery, Egyptologists claim that they didn't generally worship animals; but they did believe that gods were created with animal heads and had the ability to shapeshift into full animals or humans. The heads were supposed to be physical manifestations of a god or goddess's divine powers and attributes. Cats were seen as vessels that the gods chose to inhabit, making them very sacred indeed. 2. Family and Fertility While it's not clear if cats were worshipped as deities, some of what we know about their role in Ancient Egyptian life is shown in paintings on the walls of tombs. The tomb was an eternal resting place that depicted the life, family and achievements of the deceased. To see cats in their artwork suggests they were placed in very high regard. Amongst these scenes are images of cats chasing birds, playing; and sitting or lying beneath the chairs of females. This could symbolise fertility, as cats can have many litters of kittens. 3. Protection To expand on the above, cats are fiercely protective of their young and Ancient Egyptians believed they had the power to ward off evil spirits. They even wore feline amulets, such as cats' claws, to invoke divine protection. Cats were used for much more than vermin control; they were guardians of the home and family. In return, people would protect cats from larger predators and give them shelter from the heat. 4. Mummification Perhaps what cats are most famous for in Ancient Egypt, mummified cats were commonly used as funerary goods so the deceased could inhabit their bodies in the afterlife (in a similar manner to Egyptian deities). Mummified cats were also placed alongside their human companions so their spirit could live on and continue the role of protector. 5. Luck and Fortune Pharaohs were known to keep large cats as pets, and members of Egyptian royalty dressed their cats in gold and let them eat from their plates. Wealthy families adorned their cats with jewels because they believed they had magical qualities that would bring good luck and fortune. 6. Crimes Against Cats The killing of cats was forbidden in Ancient Egypt and faced capital punishment, even for a pharaoh. If the Egyptians got one thing right, it has to be this! Laws were also put into effect to prevent Egyptian cats from leaving the country. There were a few exceptions to taking a cat's life, including population control and mummification. Archaeologists have found evidence that suggests millions of kittens were bred for the purpose of sacrifice and mummified so people could be buried alongside them. This shows a much darker side to the feline obsession in Ancient Egypt. 7. Grief and Mourning Egyptians were so attached to their cats that to lose one was considered a tragedy, and families spent a lot of time in mourning. Some people would shave off their eyebrows as a mark of respect and to symbolise their pain and grief! 8. Cats' Eyes Due to their association with the gods, Egyptians believed that cats could see into the human soul. Both men and women would draw on their makeup to make their eyes look like those of a cat, as we can see from the heavy kohl that was typical of Ancient Egyptians - although there were many other symbolisms behind their cosmetics and fashion. 9. Statues and Monuments The Egyptians were so fascinated with cats that they created thousands of feline-esque statues, perhaps the most famous example being the Great Sphinx of Gaza: a 240-foot long monument that has the face of a man and the body of a lion. They even built the world's first known pet cemetery that largely consists of cats wearing iron and beaded collars. 10. Cat Goddesses The Egyptians worshipped a few cat-headed deities. The first known goddess, Mafdet, was regarded as a protector of the pharaoh's chambers from snakes, scorpions and evil. She was often depicted with the head of a leopard or cheetah. Bastet, the most important cat goddess, was known from the Second Dynasty onwards as daughter of Ra and Isis. She was originally worshipped as a fierce lioness-headed deity and was associated with the home, fertility and protector of pregnant women; as well as a ward against disease and evil spirits. Some myths follow the narrative that Bastet was mother to Anubis. Bastet became more benevolent over time and her form changed to that of a cat, which reflected the shift in Egyptian society as cats became more domesticated. Her aggressive traits were passed onto the goddess, Sekhmet. Sekhmet was sister to Bastet and daughter of the sun god, Ra. She was a lioness goddess, a warrior and protector who fended off enemies of Ra and kept sickness away. Based on these 10 facts about cats in Ancient Egypt, we can see that they were regarded very highly as an important part of society; families and religion. Ancient Egypt is one of the most fascinating civilisations, and their worship of cats makes them all the more intriguing to me. Perhaps, if you're a cat lover yourself, you share a past life with the Ancient Egyptians - although I won't be shaving off the ol' brows just yet! Do you find yourself drawn to the Ancient Egyptian world or any other civilisations? Do you believe in these cat or "feline-headed" goddesses? Comment if you agree that our kitty companions deserve to be worshipped!

In this article: Why Are Abandoned Cats Such a Big Issue? Why Are There So Many Stray Cats in the World? Are Stray Cats Dangerous? What to Do If You Find a Stray Cat Trap-Neuter-Return Programs More Network for Animals NFA Projects and Campaigns How You Can Help Why Are Abandoned Cats Such a Big Issue? Did you know that the number of stray and feral cats in the world is approximately 480 million? It's hard to imagine as a kitty parent, because of those millions of cats, one of them could just as easily be yours or mine. Perhaps it hits me a little harder because my boys were rescued by Cats Protection at just a few days old. The rest of the litter died shortly after birth or had to be euthanised due to severe abnormalities that would have killed them anyway. The kittens were rejected by their birth mother and abandoned by the owner, but at least they had the decency to hand them over to Cats Protection. Most kittens aren't so lucky and end up being dumped in bags by roadsides, left in bins or abandoned in the middle of nowhere. If this is what cats are facing before they've opened their eyes to view the world, what hope do they have? This is the brutal but heartbreaking truth, and it's hard to stomach. Thankfully, in the UK we have some amazing charities and organisations that are run by what I call "guardian angels" of the animal world. A lot of other countries simply don't have the resources, facilities, medical care or funding to cope with the overpopulation of cats roaming their streets. This leads to further neglect, poor health and for many, death. To make things worse, feral cat colonies can quickly get out of control and cause problems for local wildlife. A lot of people consider them as pests which results in more cruelty and abuse. Why Are There So Many Stray Cats in the World? Breeding Cats start breeding as early as four months old and can birth several kittens at a time, up to five times a year. To put this into perspective, the RSPCA estimates that a single pair of cats can multiply into 2 million over 10 years! These high fertility rates are causing a kitty crisis, and we as owners - and humans - have to take some responsibility. Ownership One of the main reasons for stray cats is unplanned breeding that leads to unwanted kittens and abandonment by so-called guardians. If you don't want your cat to breed then it's essential to take action by getting them desexed. Reasons for not doing so might include religious factors, financial restrictions and concerns about animal cruelty. Consider how your cat will feel when she has her babies snatched away and dumped on a street corner to fend for themselves. This is unfair on both the mother and the kittens, and also places more and more pressure on shelters to take them in and find suitable loving homes. Without these organisations, our streets would be littered with feral cats - so think on that. If you can't afford to get your cat neutered or spayed, then it's doubtful that you'll be able to fund their everyday needs and requirements. Consider an alternative, lower cost pet until circumstances change, so you can give any future kitties the lives they deserve. Urbanisation Another factor when it comes to the rising number of stray cats could be due to urbanisation of cities around the world. These areas provide ideal scavenging grounds with trash and discarded food, as cats don't get the same hunting opportunities as they would do in the wild. We all know that humans can be disgusting - worse than animals, in fact. Just look at the state of our towns and cities on a Saturday night.... Are Stray Cats Dangerous? Firstly, it's important to recognise the difference between stray and feral cats. Although the terms are used interchangeably, strays are previously owned cats that have wandered away from home or become lost and live on the streets. They've had contact with humans at some point and may approach people for food or attention. Feral is another term for cats that have been born to the wild (or streets). They've never been domesticated, avoid people and usually live in colonies. Feral cats are more likely to run from humans than attack, as are strays if they associate humans with danger. That doesn't mean they're safe to pet, as there's a high risk of disease transmission and parasites that could be passed onto other cats or animals you have at home. Rabies and cat scratch fever can both be transmitted to humans through bites or scratches. There's a common misconception that feral cats will attack, but this is only likely to happen if they feel cornered or threatened. Remember, if the streets are all they've known then they haven't had an opportunity to be socialised and don't know how to interact with humans. Stray cats pose more of a danger to wildlife and other small animals than humans. What to Do If You Find a Stray Cat If you come across a stray cat then you first need to determine if it is in fact living as a feral, or a domestic cat that's either lost or roamed away from its home. It's not always easy to tell, but if a cat seems to be in good health, isn't injured or malnourished then consider leaving it be. This isn't due to a lack of care, but most shelters and charities tend to prioritise animals that are suffering from cruelty or neglect. In any case, as recommended by the RSPCA, there are a few things you can do if you happen to cross paths with a wandering kitty. The quickest way to reunite a cat with its owner is to check for a collar or tag with contact details. Only approach if it appears calm and willing to be handled. Ask around locally and use the power of social media. Take it to a local vet to scan for a microchip. Register the cat on Animal Search UK. If you find an injured cat, regardless of whether you think it's a stray or not, carefully wrap it in a blanket and take it to a veterinary clinic or animal shelter to see if they can help. If it's found in a dangerous location, trapped or unapproachable, call an animal rescue service and wait for help. Pregnant cats, unfortunately, should be left alone unless they're in danger or appear distressed as there could be problems in labour. It's important not to disturb queens giving birth or with newborn kittens, as removing them could result in the mother rejecting or killing them. The best thing to do is check up on them, provide shelter and fresh water. Visit So too, if you come across kittens that have been left alone then you should wait a few hours to see if the mother returns, as it's not unusual for them to leave their offspring in the search for food. Kittens stand a much better chance of survival if they stay with their mum. If you suspect kittens have been orphaned or they're in danger, it's crucial that you call a vet, animal charity such as Cats Protection or the RSPCA helpline for assistance. Related post: How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress Trap-Neuter-Return Programs A lot of animal charities are trying to introduce TNR (Trap-Neuter-Return or Release) programs in countries where the feral population is out of control. This involves catching cats in humane traps, neutering or spaying at a veterinary clinic and then releasing them safely into their natural colonies. Some organisations will take in kittens under a certain age so they can be socialised ready for adoption. Adult cats are unlikely to be easily domesticated and find cattery life extremely stressful. Cats may also receive vaccinations and medical treatment, if necessary. As street cats live in close proximity to each other, it allows the easy transmission of contagious diseases, parasites and infections such as Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) which is the cat equivalent to AIDS. The TNR process may include what's referred to as ear tipping, whereby a vet will cut off the top of a cat's left ear while it's under anaesthetic. This is so they can be identified from a distance and ensure they're not trapped or neutered again. While this doesn't sound pleasant, in the USA in particular, it's a sign of a safe and cared for colony - which is what we should all be striving for. The TNR method is a simple one, but lack of funding and a shortage of vets poses a huge problem - especially in countries where cultures don't necessarily believe in or agree with desexing animals. Unfortunately, proper sterilisation is necessary to prevent more cats being born into environments that simply aren't safe or appropriate for them to really thrive. Humans played a role in creating this problem, so doesn't it make sense that we should be the ones to solve it? In New Zealand, feral cats are hunted and killed in competitions that offer cash prizes for the biggest haul. It goes without saying that a simple TNR program could literally save lives, while preventing more cats from being born into the same horrific cycle. Related post: Help! New Zealand's Feral Cat Hunting and Killing Competition Is Back Imagine for a second that your beloved fur baby was torn from their cosy bed and sentenced to a feral life. Every night on the cold, lonely streets is a fight for survival as they beg for scraps of food, picking up all manner of parasites and diseases. Cast aside by one human and abused by another; stolen to be used for dog fighting which, tragically, is becoming a more common occurrence. The darker side of humanity is probably a street cat's biggest threat. The procedure for desexing a cat is fairly straightforward, and it only takes 5-10 minutes to neuter a male under general anaesthetic. Females are a little more complicated as surgery involves the abdominal cavity. Sterilisation has many benefits aside from preventing unplanned breeding. It can reduce the risk of reproductive cancers, as well as antisocial behaviour including urine spraying and territorial aggression . Learn more about the benefits of sterilisation this post: Why You Should Get Your Cat Neutered or Spayed: Benefits and Risks Network for Animals NFA helps stray cats around the world and supports projects in Greece, Italy, Kenya, South Africa, Morocco and Zimbabwe. This involves providing critically needed food, financing vaccinations and running effective Trap-Neuter-Release programs. It's important to remember that this is a temporary solution for an ongoing crisis, with the hopes of giving street cats a chance at a decent life rather than barely surviving. This is only half of the battle, for a lot of it rests on raising public awareness and pet owners taking responsibility for their cats. Dumping unwanted litters and expecting others to clean up the mess should be a crime and, thankfully, authorities are beginning to take notice. As of June 2024, a new law in England (UK) makes it compulsory for owners to get their cats microchipped or they could face a fine of £500. Hopefully, this will make people think twice about dumping their cats. Any guardians-to-be who are considering adding a cat to their family, adoption is such a rewarding experience - I promise it'll change not just your life, but that of a furry in need. NFA Projects and Campaigns To further emphasise the severity of this worldwide catastrophe, let's look at some of the amazing work that animal welfare organisations like Network for Animals do. Greece Street cats in Greece rely on tourists and restaurant owners to feed them, but when winter draws in and tourism dies down, it becomes a much bleaker story. Network for Animals funds TNR programs, as well as providing food and medical care for around 500 hungry kitties. Kenya In the Lamu East area of Kenya, there isn't a single shelter or vet clinic. With no government help, cats are left to breed unchecked, resulting in a flood of starving and neglected cats and kittens. Network for Animals works with a team of local vets that conduct regular TNR programs to end this tragic cycle. Visit South Africa Network for Animals supports the TEARS (The Emma Animal Rescue Society) Cattery in Cape Town which cares for around 150 cats. They provide funding for food, veterinary care and search and rescue missions for cats that have been abandoned, abused or neglected from poverty-stricken township areas. Zimbabwe Established in 2023, MARES Community Cat Sanctuary is the only animal shelter in Bulawayo that cares for cats and kittens. The local animal shelter usually euthanises them as soon as they're brought in. How You Can Help By supporting this work, you're supporting animals and have the chance to not only save lives, but change people's attitudes towards animal welfare in general. To elaborate on some of the projects mentioned above, deep-rooted cultural beliefs in Lamu, Kenya has led people to believe that sterilising animals is wrong. Network for Animals has managed to sway the locals with a respectful education campaign. You can support sterilisation in Lamu, along with other projects by donating directly to the organisation. For every £20 you give, one cat can be sterilised which could prevent as many as 24 unwanted kittens from being born every year. TNR programs aren't an immediate fix as numbers will take time to stabilise, eventually resulting in colonies of healthier cats that can be cared for and managed. Donations aren't the only way to help, simply sharing information and educating others is a huge part of this ongoing battle to put an end to animal suffering and cruelty around the world. Find out more about Network for Animal campaigns, projects and other animals they help on their website or visit their donation page . Here is a list of some other charities and organisations across the UK that run TNR programs for local stray and feral cats: RSPCA Cat Action Trust Oak Tree Animals' Charity International Cat Care Do you agree with TNR programs as a safe and humane way to monitor and care for stray cats? Comment to share your thoughts.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. In this article: Why You Should Get Cats Neutered or Spayed Benefits of Desexing Cats What Age Should Cats Be Desexed? Sterilisation Procedure Risks of Sterilisation Breeding Cats Summary Why You Should Get Cats Neutered or Spayed The subject of neutering (male) or spaying (female) cats, otherwise known as desexing, can be one of huge debate; nevertheless, it must be addressed. Sterilisation, when done properly, can have many short and long-term health benefits for cats and the feline population as a whole. There are an estimated 480 million stray cats in the world. The UK alone makes up nine million, with a feral population of one-and-a-half million. These are some tragic numbers and responsibility starts at home. It can also be dangerous for females to go through pregnancy before reaching maturity, so there's a lot to consider whether you plan on breeding your cats or not. This article isn't intended to alter anyone's beliefs or opinions, but simply to educate so you can make an informed decision on the health and wellbeing of your kitty companions. Benefits of Desexing Cats Desexing your cat not only prevents unwanted pregnancy but lowers the risk of some serious health problems. In males it can prevent testicular and prostate cancers. Spaying females under 6 months of age (and before their first heat cycle) prevents cancer of the ovaries and uterus; reduces the risk of mammary cancer and stops uterine infections. It also eliminates behaviours that occur when they're in heat, such as yowling and crying. Some people believe that female cats should have at least one litter of kittens before being spayed, but there are no proven benefits to this theory. In fact, sterilisation prevents pregnancy-related issues - which you should discuss with a vet if you are considering breeding your cat. Visit The loss of foetuses can result in a potentially fatal infection if they remain in the uterus. Difficult births (known as dystocia) while rare, may require veterinary intervention such as an emergency c-section to save both the mother and her kittens. There's also the possibility that a mother or "queen" could reject her babies if they're sick, weak or physically deformed. This is so she can prioritise the healthy kittens, as in the wild it comes down to a literal case of survival of the fittest. It's not unusual for a queen to kill the weakest members of her litter, so if you notice any signs of rejection then it's crucial to remove the kitten and get it checked over by a vet to rule out health issues. Desexing can prevent both males and females from urine spraying , but males are more likely to exhibit other territorial behaviours i ncluding aggression towards other cats and humans. A neutered male is less likely to wander away from home and get into fights or traffic accidents, which in itself puts them at a higher risk of injury. Related post: Aggressive Behaviour in Cats: 8 Types and Causes Cats are well-equipped to deal with predators in the wild, but chunks of metal travelling at high speeds are a different threat entirely. We cannot compare the domestic cat to wild cats in their natural habitat. As street cats live in close proximity to one another, they can also contract potentially fatal diseases like Feline Aids and the Feline Leukaemia Virus; and parasites. This can be risky for outdoor cats if they roam away from home or into other territories and neighbourhoods. The fact of the matter is that hundreds of thousands of unwanted cats and kittens are euthanised all over the world every single year. Don't contribute to this devastating statistic by adding more to the death toll. What Age Should Cats Be Desexed? The ideal age for desexing cats is a topic of debate in the veterinary world. It's generally advised that kittens should be desexed before they reach sexual maturity at around 3-4 months old, but the procedure is safe to carry out from 8-10 weeks (or when they reach a weight of 1kg). The earlier, the better, as it helps to prevent the development of antisocial behaviours and can aid harmony in multi-cat households. While a female cat can get pregnant as early as four months old, this poses a serious risk to her health as she's not fully developed. Carrying kittens uses up vital nutrients needed for her own growth. Feliway Friends plug-in diffuser mimics the pheromones that a mother cat releases to her kittens to help reduce tension and conflict in multi-cat households. More research is needed to examine the different ages in feline sterilisation. In 2016, a veterinary task force was put together under the Marian's Dream Foundation and did exactly that. This led to the establishment of the Feline Fix by Five campaign. Given the known benefits and lack of evidence for harm related to the age at which the procedure is carried out, advocators are calling for both vets and associations to recommend desexing cats by five months of age. This could potentially bump up the costs for cat parents even more, especially in England, UK, since microchipping became a legal requirement as of June 2024. Nevertheless, the aim is that increasing the number of sterilised cats will lead to less unplanned breeding, and thus reduce the number of strays and ferals that are sentenced to lives of suffering and anguish. Sterilisation Procedure Spaying a female cat involves removal of the ovaries and uterus through a small incision while she's under general anaesthetic. Aftercare mainly consists of keeping an eye on the scar in case it appears swollen, weeping or bleeding. Depending on the type of stitches used, cats may try to pull at them. Neutering or castrating a male is also carried out under general anaesthetic and involves removing the testes through a small incision in the scrotum. There's usually no need for stitches as the incision heals very quickly and it's a more straightforward procedure than spaying. Most cats and kittens will recover in no time at all, in fact my boys were back to swinging off the curtains as soon as they got home! I've had lots of pets desexed, including a few rabbits, and never had any post-surgery issues. Pet Remedy Calming Spray provides a natural way of tackling stress and anxiety in cats, dogs and other small animals. It contains a blend of valerian and essential oils and can be sprayed on bedding, blankets and carriers prior to a vet visit. Your vet will be able to address any concerns you have, and you may be instructed to keep cats indoors for a few days. Depending on the vet's policies, female cats might stay at the clinic overnight for observation or have to wear a cone collar so they don't pick at stitches. A post-surgery check-up is also recommended. Aftercare usually consists of keeping cats hydrated by offering plenty of water and making sure they have a normal appetite. Pain medication or antibiotics might also be given, but the most important thing is quiet and rest. Related post: How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress Risks of Sterilisation According to the Veterinary Task Force on Feline Sterilisation, there is currently no evidence to support an increased risk of complications or long-term health issues with sterilisation carried out on cats aged 6-14 weeks or older than 16 weeks. The main concerns amongst vets are the risks associated with performing surgery on young patients and recovery from anaesthetic. The best person to advise owners is a registered vet, but some of these risks (although rare) include: The possibility of hypothermia due to low body fat. An inability to break down drugs as quickly as adult patients. Susceptibility to dehydration. Brain damage from lack of oxygen. An experienced vet, the correct preparation and continuous monitoring will allow for as smooth a procedure as possible. As with anything related to surgery, it's never going to be completely risk free. Breeding Cats Breeding cats is not a decision that should be taken lightly, and your first point of call should always be a vet or reputable breeder who can guide you through the process. Some factors to consider include: Making sure Mum and Dad are healthy with no known diseases or genetic conditions that could be passed onto their offspring. Choosing cats that are of good temperaments, especially females that are able to care for their litter. Cats with behavioural problems may reject kittens. Introducing a female cat to a male during her fertile period and having a good understanding of the mating process. Taking into account a cat's age and ensuring they're fully grown and an ideal weight for a successful pregnancy. Preventing overbreeding and knowing if or how many times a female has given birth previously. While breeding cats can be an exciting and rewarding process, it's not all about producing a litter of cute kittens. You must prioritise the welfare and happiness of cats before mating, during the pregnancy and after the eventual birth. This means being prepared for any complications, such as a queen rejecting her kittens, and having a backup plan in place. Newborns are unable to fend for themselves, so it'll be down to you to care for them or make suitable fostering arrangements. 2 in 1 Cat Basket made from wear-resistant cattail weaving with removeable plush cushions. This can be used as a comfy sleeping area or scratching basket. Very spacious for larger cats and easy to clean. Consider too the financial burdens, from initial health screenings and veterinary care to providing resources such as food and bedding for potentially several other cats. Even if you plan on having kittens adopted, they should remain with Mum for the first few months. Perhaps the main question you should ask yourself is: why do I want to breed cats in the first place? The purpose of selling kittens off for quick cash is as poor a reason as leaving your unsterilised cats to roam free, without care or consideration for the consequences. Responsible ownership is crucial, and if you're not ready or willing to be a grandparent then make that appointment - it's not as scary as it sounds! Related post: 11 Essential Tips Every New Cat Owners Should Know Summary While the moral or ethical arguments for desexing cats are debatable, the benefits far outweigh the risks. To recap, sterilisation has the following advantages: Prevents reproductive cancers (affects roughly 32% of cats). Reduces the risk of mammary cancer in females, of which 85% are malignant. Prevents uterine infections. Eliminates crying and yowling when in heat. Reduces antisocial behaviours such as urine spraying and territorial aggression. Helps to stop males from wandering or roaming. Avoids dangers associated with giving birth too young. Less chance of unwanted litters. Promotes a stress-free multi-cat household. Improves the relationship between cats and humans. As well as benefitting a cat's physical health and emotional wellbeing, getting cats desexed has a much larger impact on communities where the feral population is out of control. We may not see it as much in the Western world, particularly in the UK with help from animal welfare organisations, government funding and veterinary care; but that doesn't mean the issue doesn't exist. Related post: Trap-Neuter-Return Programs for Stray or Feral Cats: How You Can Help The following statistics, while shocking, speak for themselves: There are almost as many stray cats in the world as there are domestic. Approximately 230,000 cats get hit by cars in the UK every year - that's about 630 per day! It's estimated that around 360,000 cats go missing or are stolen annually in the UK, making them the second most commonly stolen pet after dogs. While sterilising cats won't protect them from traffic accidents or predatory humans, it does lower the chance of males roaming and females looking for a mate when in heat. Even if you plan on keeping your cats indoors , with so many health benefits, the minor risks of surgery are worth the long-term gains. Are you for or against the sterilisation of domestic and stray cats? What age were your kitties desexed and how was the procedure? Share your experiences in the comments to help those who might be considering surgery.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. All photos are my own and previously unpublished. I am not affiliated with any of the companies mentioned in this article. Best Plug-in Diffusers: Feliway Optimum Diffuser & 30 Day Refill Comfort Zone Single & Multi-Cat Calming Kit Feliway Friends Diffuser & 30 Day Refill TeddyDo Cat Calming Diffuser Starter Kit Pet Remedy Calming Plug Diffuser Other Cat Calming Plug-Ins Overview Go to review ⇨ Feliway Optimum Diffuser & 30 Day Refill Go to review ⇨ Comfort Zone Single & Multi-Cat Calming Kit Go to review ⇨ Feliway Friends Diffuser & 30 Day Refill Go to review ⇨ TeddyDo Cat Calming Diffuser Starter Kit Go to review ⇨ Pet Remedy Calming Plug Diffuser Pheromone diffusers contain synthetic pheromones that mimic the chemicals that cats naturally release from various glands around their bodies, in particular the feline facial pheromones (FFP). Diffusers are plugged into a wall socket and slowly emit the vapour in a similar fashion to scent marking, where cats rub their faces on objects to make themselves feel safe, secure and familiar within their environment. Pheromone diffusers are drug-free, odourless and undetectable to other animals and humans. Cats are prone to stress  due to many factors, namely their environment. The domestic setting is a world apart from their natural habitat, and cats have specific requirements as far as their territory and resources go. Feline behaviour and psychology are complex subjects, but a combination of science, research and technology has at last provided us with a safe and natural method of alleviating some  of the problems cats face. Even so, there's still a lot we don't know about the mysterious minds of our feline companions. Diffusers are commonly used to reduce anxiety-related behaviours such as   spraying  or urinating outside the litterbox, overgrooming, scratching and hiding. Situations you might want to use a diffuser include: Moving house. Changes such as a new pet, baby or home renovations. Fireworks and other stressful events. Fighting between household cats. Check out this post for a more in-depth look at these cat calming gadgets: Cat Pheromone Diffusers: What Are They and Do They Actually Work? Having tried some of the most popular diffusers to tackle aggression  between my boys - and spending a lot of time and money (so you don't have to!) - I thought I'd share my experiences to help make your decision a little bit easier. There's an overwhelming amount of cat-calming products on the market, and while diffusers make up a large chunk, there are also sprays , supplements, collars, herbal treats and more. I know all too well what it's like living with stressed out kitties that take their frustrations out on each other; a lot of the time, it's hard to pinpoint exactly what those stressors are. Pheromone diffusers aren't a miracle cure and won't eliminate the root cause of any particular behaviour. It's recommended to use them in conjunction with other necessary changes or advice from a behaviourist. Related post:  3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting Whether you're completely new to diffusers or looking for more information, this article covers five well-known brands that have been tried and tested by myself (and my two boys, Drax and Simba). Including comparisons, advantages and disadvantages; and benefits according to the type of behaviour your cat is exhibiting. *PREMIUM CHOICE   1. Feliway Optimum Diffuser & 30 Day Refill Feliway Optimum contains a brand new pheromone complex for enhanced serenity and is designed to address a wider range of behavioural issues than its predecessor ( Feliway Classic ). The exact type of pheromones used remains a mystery, but studies show that 93% of users noticed significant reductions in scratching, urine spraying, conflict, fear and hiding. Effects can be seen as early as 1 week, but it's recommended to allow up to a month for best results. Diffusers cover 70m ² and a single vial is supposed to last for up to 30 days, but as with all diffusers tested, the reality is just short of that. Feliway is known as the number one cat behavioural product, backed by over 25 years of science and research into pet welfare. It's clinically proven and recommended by vets worldwide, with thousands of positive reviews and a higher price tag than other brands tested. Given all of the above, I had high hopes that Feliway Optimum would help to reduce conflict between my boys. I never expected it to be a solution as the underlying cause of aggression must be addressed, along with any learned or associated behaviours. The most effect it seemed to have was on Simba who's a nervy cat in general, so it might be more suited to anxiety-related issues. Generally, the product is highly rated for settling tension between cats where other signs of anxiety are present; and territorial behaviour when introducing cats for the first time. It's also said to help with scratching, crying and hiding. In rare cases, it's been suggested that using Feliway made cats worse - which is something I did experience with Drax in terms of his aggression towards Simba. I can't definitively blame it on the diffuser, but I can't rule it out either! Feliway is all about promoting calm behaviour. Sadly this wasn't the case for us, but it could be due to aggression having been triggered by external circumstances. My sibling cats had been bonded for many years before problems arose, which you can read about here for more background. ✓ Clinically proven. ✕ Potential for negative effects. ✓ Effective from 1 week. ✕ Expensive. ✓ Targets a range of behavioural issues. ✓ Covers 70m ² ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4.2 Based on 8,000+ Amazon reviews. *BEST VALUE   2. Comfort Zone Single & Multi-Cat Calming Kit Comfort Zone contains an analogue of feline pheromones and is similar to Feliway in terms of usage and targeted behaviours associated with stress and anxiety. It's proven to be 95% effective at reducing urine marking and is suitable for both single and multi-cat households where conflict is present. The diffuser contains 5% pheromones, which is higher than Feliway's 2%. Overall, I found it more effective in restoring some level of harmony between my boys. It didn't stop the fighting without other changes, but Simba was much less skittish and hissy - you can definitely tell when the vial is empty! I can't say if it's down to that extra 3% pheromones or differences in the formula itself but, even so, there are other things to like about Comfort Zone. It has a simple, stylish design and was the only diffuser that didn't leave an oily residue that attracts dust to the vents. It also has an automatic safety shut-off in case of overheating. Most owners see results within 2 weeks and it cov ers 60m², which is slightly less than competitors. The biggest downfall, however, is that it only lasted 3 weeks instead of the 30 days as stated, but this was during the summer months. Having been a long-term user of Comfort Zone and other brands, they generally last longer in lower temperatures and humidity levels because the oils evaporate slower. Taking all of this into account, you'll likely need more than one diffuser for best results. While Comfort Zone doesn't come with the backing that Feliway has, it's almost half the price and refills offer even more value for money. I highly recommend it as a cheaper (and in my case, more effective) alternative to Feliway for aggression where anxiety isn't the main cause. Redirected aggression , fear, pain and trauma are just a few reasons why cats might turn on each other. Comfort Zone was the only diffuser that had a positive effect on the (uncharacteristic) aggression that Drax had been displaying towards his brother. Customers also report improvements when settling cats in new environments; introducing other cats and reducing cat-to-human aggression . It's largely effective on scratching and urine marking. Needless to say, it's my go-to brand and I'm still using it with success to this day! ✓ Suitable for single and multi-cat households. ✕ Only lasts 3-4 weeks instead of 30 days stated. ✓ Contains 5% pheromones. ✕ Covers  60m². ✓ Value for money. ✓ Auto safety shut-off. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4.1 Based on 500+ Amazon reviews. *MULTI-CAT HOUSEHOLDS   3. Feliway Friends Diffuser & 30 Day Refill Feliway Friends (Multicat in the USA) is slightly different to other diffusers mentioned as it contains a synthetic version of feline appeasing pheromones (CAP) which a mother releases to her kittens. Similar to FFP, these are used to make kittens feel safe and protected; as well as aiding bonding and harmonious interactions between littermates. The Feliway Friends diffuser is recommended for multi-cat households to minimise tension and conflict by targeting behaviours such as blocking, chasing and fighting. I was initially excited to find a diffuser that suited my cats' specific needs but, unfortunately, the effects were minimal. I don't blame the diffuser itself as there were external factors. Feedback is mixed, with some customers claiming it solved conflict issues and others stating that it made no difference. Many use Feliway Friends when introducing new kittens to existing cats without success, but this could be due to not going through the proper introduction process rather than a problem with the diffuser. Bringing a young, energetic kitten into the home can be extremely off-putting for other residents, particularly if you have a cat that's used to living alone. So too, pheromones are no substitute for play, which is essential for burning off excess energy - another common cause of conflict. Hyperactivity is part of being a kitten, and if you suspect there's a problem then you should consult a vet for advice. That being said, there are other situations in which Feliway Friends might be beneficial. The most positive results seem to be with nervous cats; cats that generally annoy each other and where conflict is triggered by changes, such as moving house or additional pets (not necessarily kittens). As this product isn't typically used for other signs of stress, there's limited information on its effectiveness. Feliway Friends comes in a little cheaper than Optimum and was the first product that was scientifically proven to reduce conflict and tension between cats living in the same household. You can read a more detailed comparison of Feliway diffusers here: Feliway Reviews: Classic, Optimum and Friends Diffuser Comparison ✓ Clinically proven. ✕ Not effective on all stress-related behaviours. ✓ Suitable for multi-cat households. ✕ Less highly rated than Feliway Optimum. ✓ Reduces conflict and fighting. ✕ Expensive. ✓ Covers 70m ² ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4.0 Based on 8,000+ Amazon reviews.    4. TeddyDo Cat Calming Diffuser Starter Kit TeddyDo mimics the feline facial pheromone (FFP) to help reduce all typical signs of stress and create a calming environment for cats. The actual percentage of pheromones isn't specified on the product packaging, nor does it mention being suitable for multi-cat households to tackle conflict and fighting. I bought TeddyDo as a comparison because I wanted to see if Feliway really is worth all the hype. It did seem to help with Simba's anxiety, although not as successfully as Comfort Zone. However, I didn't give it longer than a month due to the smell of melting plastic. There were no faults with the diffuser and it wasn't overheating, it just had a synthetic smell that I hadn't experienced with other plug-ins. I'd seen this issue raised in a few other reviews so didn't purchase another once the trial run was over. It could have been a simple defect so I wouldn't rule it out based on the smell alone. The diffuser has a built-in light so you know it's working properly, which is a nice touch - although some might not appreciate the quirky design. Once lit up, it looks even more like something from outer space. The vial claims to last 35 days but it was more like 4 weeks, and it covers a slightly above average 72m². I can't speak for behaviours that are purely stress-related because they weren't the issues I was having, although many owners report improvements with urine spraying, scratching, crying, hiding and nervousness. Happier cats are more likely to get along than unhappy cats. If you can get past the smell and want to try a budget diffuser, TeddyDo is a worthy competitor. *This product has since been updated to a 60-Day Starter Kit, complete with a diffuser and two refills. ✓ Lasts up to 35 days (*now 60 days). ✕   Doesn't target tension or conflict. ✓ Covers 72m² ✕   Unpleasant smell. ✓ Safety light. ✓ Inexpensive.    5. Pet Remedy Calming Plug Diffuser Pet Remedy isn't technically a pheromone diffuser but worth mentioning as a natural or holistic alternative. It contains blends of valerian, vetiver, basil and clary sage essential oils to tackle stress and anxiety. This works with pets' natural calming systems to make them less reactive to stressful situations, and the effects start to help within a few minutes. I initially used Pet Remedy in the bedroom to help the boys relax overnight, as it's where they generally sleep. I didn't continue usage after it ran out because they needed a little more help, and pheromone diffusers had a more noticeable effect on their behaviour. Instead, I purchased Pet Remedy's Calming Spray a nd spritz it around the house if the cats are particularly hissy with each other. It contains the same ingredients as their plug-in and helps to provide a calm environment. I also used it on fireworks night with success. Feedback suggests that, as with my boys, Pet Remedy helps to create a calm environment and settle fired-up nerves, which may lead to improvements in other behaviours. I know someone personally who uses this over Feliway to maintain harmony in a household of five cats, but there are no underlying issues apart from your typical feline feistiness. Some people complain about the herbal aroma, but that's to be expected with essential oils. You can only smell it around the diffuser itself and it's not overpowering, in fact I rather enjoy it! One vial is supposed to last 2 months, which was more like 6 weeks, but still longer than others tested which is great value for money. Related post: Pet Remedy Calming Products for Cats with Reviews (Tried and Tested) ✓ Clinically proven. ✕ Doesn't contain feline pheromones. ✓ Effective immediately. ✕   Covers  60m². ✓ Suitable for cats, dogs, rodents, birds, rabbits and horses. ✕ Scented. ✓ Lasts up to 60 days. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 Based on 7,000+ Amazon reviews. Visit 6. Other Cat Calming Plug-Ins Aside from those reviewed, there are numerous diffusers available on the market across many different brands. Here are a few others you might be interest in. Feliway Classic 30 Day Diffuser & Refill Feliway Classic is the original Feliway diffuser and mimics FFP to create a sense of comfort, familiarity and safety. While Optimum targets a wider range of behavioural issues, Classic is recommended to help reduce hiding, urine spraying, scratching and overgrooming. Feliway states that owners reported a reduction in urine marking in 9 out of 10 cats after four weeks. According to the 37,000+ reviews on Amazon, Feliway Classic does what it says on the box and has earned an impressive rating. Some customers claim it didn't work or made their cats worse. At a slightly lower price than Optimum, it's definitely worth trying as an alternative option. Pheromone: 2% FFP Coverage: 70m² Usage: 30 days ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4.2 Based on 37,000+ Amazon reviews. Beaphar CatComfort Calming Diffuser Beaphar is another FFP diffuser, albeit a fair bit cheaper than Feliway Classic. It's recommended for all stress-related behaviours and separation anxiety, but there's no mention of multi-cat households. Feedback is generally positive in regards to keeping cats calm, reducing tension and destructive behaviours like clawing furniture. One vial is said to last as little as 2 weeks. The brand's new diffuser, Beaphar CatComfort Excellence , contains a 2-in-1 formula that combines the feline facial pheromone (FFP) and feline appeasing pheromone (CAP) so you're essentially getting the best of both worlds. Related post: Beaphar Cat Calming Products: Diffuser, Spray, Spot-On, Collar and Tablets Pheromone: FFP Coverage: 70m² Usage: 30 days ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4.0 Based on 2,000+ Amazon reviews. Itch Chill Out Calming Pheromone Plug-in Diffuser Chill Out does what it says on the box by targeting stress, anxiety and associated behaviours; as well as supporting multi-cat harmony. It's a little pricier than other budget options and has a slightly lower review score; although it is recommended for nervous cats, fireworks and other stress-inducing events. Effects can be seen in just 2-3 days, with studies showing that 9 out of 10 owners saw a positive change in their cat's behaviour after a 3 month period. Pheromone: 5% (unspecified) Usage: 30 days ⭐⭐⭐ 3.9 Based on 600+ Amazon reviews. TopSum Cat Calming Plug-in Diffuser The TopSum diffuser pack comes with two plug-ins and two refills to cover multiple areas of the home, which is great value for money - especially if you have several cats. It mimics FFP to promote a sense of security and create a calming environment. This is recommended for multi-cat conflict; fears such as loud noises; new environments; urine spraying and scratching. It may be less well known than other brands but is fast becoming a popular choice, with owners reporting success in calming nervous or skittish cats and introducing new pets. With two diffusers included, you're getting more for your money - assuming they're compatible with your furry friends! Most owners see results within 2 weeks, but some people found the diffuser to be ineffective. Pheromone: FFP Coverage: 65m² Usage: 30 days (per diffuser) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4.3 Based on 90+ Amazon reviews. Summary As I always say when recommending or reviewing diffusers, make sure you give products a chance to work before moving onto the next one. Most claim that effects can be seen as early as 1-2 weeks, but this isn't a set timeframe and all cats will respond differently. Allow at least a month for best results and continue to use even if you see improvements in your cat's behaviour. Diffusers can be used for short-term or long-term issues and should be started at least two weeks prior to stressful events, such as fireworks or moving house. As well as diffusers, you can get pheromone-based sprays to use on things like bedding, cat trees and carriers before a vet visit . Other options include calming wipes, collars, supplements and herbal treats. Related post: Calming Supplement Reviews: ZylKene and YuMOVE Calming Care for Cats (Tried and Tested) Information accurate from November 2025 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Have you tried any of the diffusers mentioned or did these reviews help you to make a decision? Share your experiences and feedback in the comments to help out fellow cat parents.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. In my previous post, Cat Body Language: Signs of Aggressive Behaviour in Felines , we took an in-depth look at some of the behaviours associated with aggression; as well as the differences between defensive and offensive aggression. Going a step further, it's also important to recognise when cats are actually fighting and having a good ol' wrestling match. Cats are solitary creatures in the wild, so the fact that they've evolved to accept companionship is a miracle in itself. If your cats are playing together then you should consider it a form of social bonding, which is exactly the behaviour we're looking for and want to promote. Note that playing isn't the same as one cat terrorising another, which we'll cover later in this article. On the flip side, where aggression is present, it's crucial to step in before it has a chance to escalate. Petty squabbles can fast become full-contact fights, which are much harder to remedy. First things first, I recommend checking out the above mentioned post if you haven't already done so or aren't familiar with the typical signs of feline aggression. In this article: Signs of Aggression Cat Body Language: Aggression vs Play How Can I Tell If Cats Are Playing or Fighting? Summary Signs Of Aggression Let's take a quick look at some of the physical, vocal and behavioural actions of an angry kitty. Physical Vocal Behavioural Flattened ears. Hissing. Clawing. Fluffed up fur. Growling. Biting. Swishing tale. Yowling. Swiping. Arched back. Screaming. Staring. Hunched. Spitting. Chasing. Low to the ground. Caterwauling. Blocking. Most parents will have witnessed any or all of these signs, whether directed at themselves, another cat; toys and even things we don't expect. Have you ever seen kitty puff out her fur like she's doing an impression of Sonic the Hedgehog for no apparent reason, or run hissing from the room? It's highly likely that she was spooked by something and preparing to defend herself against this unknown threat. Fear aggression  doesn't necessarily have to be incited by another cat, but it can certainly cause miscommunications to happen within multi-cat households. To add to the complexity of felines, a lot of the behaviours above can be exhibited through play. Beaphar Herbal Calming Treats contain hop flowers, Melissa and valerian which is known for its calming properties. Helps to promote relaxation and reduce the symptoms of stress including scratching, spraying and excessive vocalisation. Play is an extension of their natural hunting instincts, which can be a nerve-wracking experience for parents whose cats haven't been getting along. There were times when I was afraid to let my boys near each other, so it's essential that you learn how to read a cat's body language in order to spot the differences between fighting and playing. ​ Cat Body Language: Aggression Vs Play Body Part Aggression Play Ears Flattened / pinned back. Upwards, straight or slightly forwards to show interest / curiosity. Eyes Wide or slanted; unblinking stare. Wide; indirect staring with little or no eye contact. Mouth Bared teeth; biting; continuous hissing / spitting / growling / yowling. Relaxed; may be open or closed; loose biting; occasional meow or hiss / cry in rough play. Fur Fluffed up or coming out in chunks. Normal Tail Fluffed up or bristly; tucked under the body; low swishing from side to side or thumping. Flicking end; wagging; high up or vertical. Paws Swatting or swiping with claws; fur caught in nails. Lighter and more playful swatting or "windmilling"; claws retracted. Posture Hunched; arched back; sideways stance; stomach flat to the ground; upright on haunches; lying on its back. Relaxed; crouching; butt wiggle. Behaviour Chasing; ambushing; blocking; stalking. Stalking; pouncing; grappling; wrestling; chasing back and forth. As you can see from the table, certain aggressive behaviours overlap those exhibited during play. It can take a trained eye to know if or when to step in, particularly if either kitty has a tendency to take things too far. Fortunately, cats are known to give so many physical and vocal warnings before launching an attack that, with a little practice, you may be able to stop aggression from escalating. We should also bear in mind that, given the internal mechanisms of a cat and how they're built - i.e., with fangs and claws - while there shouldn't be any injuries during play, it's completely normal for cats to roughhouse each other. Playtime is as entertaining for them as it is for you. I've spent countless hours watching my boys stalking and pouncing on each other; chasing up and down hallways; swatting through gaps in doors and spying around furniture. Their wrestling matches can be intense, and while the odd shriek is concerning for a parent, rest assured that your kitties are having the time of their lives! How Can I Tell If Cats Are Playing or Fighting? I’ll say it again: your cats will tell you! Learn the language, understand the language, speak the language. During play, cats will take it in turns to chase, stalk and pounce with an overall lighter or “bouncier” energy. There should be no obvious tension, both cats will engage and go back to normal afterwards. You may see them separate occasionally to reposition themselves, or simply to take a breather. If cats are locked together in a squalling cluster then you’re witnessing a full-contact fight. No one should be peeing or pooping during a play session (yes, that includes you) as this is a clear indication that things have gone too far. Cats can also release fluid from their anal glands when they’re frightened, which smells rather more offensive than pee! Bear in mind that it’s not unusual to hear cats hissing, or even the odd cry, when play gets a little too rough. Ever watched a couple of lions wrestling? Notice how they lock their jaws around each other’s throats and pin one another to the ground - it’s all part of the fun! Cats may roll onto their backs when playing (or fighting) so they can use their powerful hind legs to kick and scratch. You might have experienced this yourself, I remember when Simba was a kitten he’d try to murder my hand. ​ *Disclaimer: if you’re wondering if it’s okay to let a kitten play with your hands, the answer is no - and you can learn more about why in this post all about how to play with cats . When a cat isn’t playing or fighting, to expose its stomach is considered a vulnerable position, as we often see when they’re resting or asleep. It shows that your cat is comfortable in its environment and that it trusts its companions, human and animal alike. Hence why going in for that belly rub may not be a good idea. The biggest tell-tale sign of a cat in play mode, for me, is the chirping or “trilling” vocalisation. It generally comes with a closed mouth and is more of a nasal sound, not like the chattering you might hear in response to watching birds through a window. This chirp is basically their way of saying: “I want to play!” Visit Perhaps the most common behaviour to spot, and we’ve all seen it, is the famous butt wiggle that comes just before a pounce. This wiggling motion acts as a warm up to prepare their muscles, check their balance and assess the stability of their footing; after all, they might only get one chance to catch their prey. Cats that are upright on their haunches and swiping at each other with claws showing is more aggressive, yet similar in posture to what is sometimes described as the “handbag scrap" where the front paws make more of a windmilling action. Cute and comical to witness, if contact is minimal and your cats aren’t screaming at one another then this is no cause for alarm. Play Aggression Play aggression is common amongst unsocialised or feral cats that have had no interaction with other cats or humans. This goes back to early bonding experiences, as kittens will generally learn the "rules" of play from their siblings and mother. That is, biting and scratching may lead to a sharp retaliation or their playmate running away. Without these experiences, cats have no way of knowing what is and isn't acceptable. Kittens are playful creatures as we know, therefore it's crucial to get them used to playing with toys so you can provide a distraction later down the line. It's also possible to retrain older cats by creating positive associations with toys, such as offering a treat whenever they use one. However, as is typical of our feline friends, sometimes aggression can be a little more complicated! Related post: DIY Cat Toys That Are Cheap and Easy to Make: Step-by-Step Guides If you have a particularly energetic, young or excitable cat then it may get a thrill out of attacking unsuspecting housemates - every group of friends has a prankster, right? Generally these won’t escalate into fights, but don’t be surprised to see a warning swipe from the victim. Let it cool off in a private space and, if necessary, help the overstimulated cat to burn off some energy by offering a toy to attack instead. Xemz Interactive Feather Cat Toy features a rotating feather that randomly pops out of the holes at different time intervals. The toy starts when cats pass the infrared sensor and has an auto shut-off time of 5 minutes. There's also a chance that play can switch to fighting very quickly if there are any underlying issues or tension between the cats themselves. After my boys had their big falling out a year ago, Simba has never quite been the same. Despite my efforts to help rebuild trust between them, occasionally, Simba will launch into a hissy fit during an otherwise friendly play session, leaving poor Drax bewildered. As mentioned previously, with such a large overlap in playful and aggressive behaviours, it's not uncommon or surprising for miscommunications to happen. Cats can have rocky relationships at the best of times but learn to tolerate each other very well in many cases. The problem occurs when one cat tries to run or hide and the other one doesn't take the hint, and it may proceed to follow, stalk or stare. Sometimes this can be an attempt at intimidation, so it's best to distract the offending cat with a toy or separate them for a few minutes to prevent overstimulation. Make sure the victim has plenty of hiding places and escape routes to avoid this stalker-like behaviour. Related post: 3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting Summary Use this checklist outlining the positive and negative aspects of play while observing your kitties during their next play session. You might spot a few things that you otherwise wouldn't have noticed! For more tips and advice, check out this informative post: How to Read a Cat's Body Language, Behaviour and Communication Positive Signs Negative Signs ✓ Light-hearted pouncing, friendly stalking (usually with a butt wiggle) and taking it in turns to chase back and forth. ✕ Direct staring with stiff, rigid or hunched postures. ✓ Both cats engage and you may hear trilling or chirping vocalisations. ✕ Flattened ears and fluffed up fur with a (low) lashing or thumping tale. ✓ Any wrestling and / or swatting will generally be silent with claws retracted. ✕ One cat may corner, ambush or chase while the other backs off, runs or hides. ✓ Cats take small breaks in between "rounds". ✕ Continuous hissing, growling or screaming with exposed claws and bared teeth. ✓ Expect the odd hiss or cry if play gets rough. ✕ Cats locked together with no separations . Do your kitties have a tendency to play rough or does the play session end in tears? Share your experiences or concerns in the comments and I'll do my best to help!