Cat Pheromone Diffusers: What Are They and Do They Actually Work?
- Rachel
- Apr 16, 2024
- 6 min read
Updated: 6 days ago
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In this article:
Raise your hand if you've clicked on a pheromone diffuser product and immediately skipped to the reviews section to scroll through hundreds of ratings in the hopes of finding that ONE miracle cure that stops your cats from fighting (*raises hand*).
If you're new to the concept of these cat calming plug-ins and haven't got a clue what I'm rambling about, let's start with the basics.
What Are Pheromones?
Pheromones are chemicals that cats release from glands around their bodies through scent marking, particularly the cheeks, lips and chin. Although odourless, they can be detected by other cats and used as signals or messages, making them a valuable source of communication. You’ve probably seen your cat rubbing its face on objects, other cats and even you – congratulations, you’ve had the honour of being marked as safe and familiar!
There are some other types of pheromones, such as those found in urine and between the pads of a cat's paws, which they use to mark their territory. Most diffusers you’ll find on the market contain synthetic pheromones that mimic those produced in the facial glands that make cats feel safe, secure and comfortable. Clever, right?
Related post: What Are Cat Pheromones and How Do They Work?
Why Use a Cat Pheromone Diffuser?
Pheromone products are designed to help cats feel more relaxed and reduce anxiety-related behaviours like scratching, overgrooming, hiding, urinating outside the litterbox and spraying (territory marking). They also claim to diminish stress associated with new situations such as moving house; introducing other cats, pets or babies; and fireworks.
Diffusers are plugged into a wall socket and the artificial pheromones are slowly released. The most well-known brand that comes highly recommended by vets is Feliway, but there are more cost-effective options: Comfort Zone and Beaphar, amongst others.
Comfort Zone plug-in pheromone diffuser for single or multi-cat homes. Creates a calm, relaxing environment to help reduce stress and other problem behaviours, as well as tension and fighting between household cats.
Using Feliway as an example, it’s recommended that diffusers are used for 3-4 weeks for best results, although many owners see effects within the first 7 days (other brands may vary). They're suitable for short-term use, such as in preparation for a house move; and long-term to tackle ongoing anxiety or conflict.
While there are hundreds, if not thousands of success stories and testimonials from pet owners, the effectiveness of pheromone therapy is debatable.
Do Pheromone Diffusers Actually Work?
This is the ultimate question, but the answer isn't a simple one.
In short, scientists have identified five feline facial pheromones (FFP) present in the lips, cheeks and chin areas, known as F1-F5, that serve individual functions. For example, F3 can be used to reduce stress and the associated behaviours as mentioned above; while F4 essentially tricks cats into thinking a newcomer is someone or something they’ve previously encountered, thus minimising inter-cat aggression.
(Source: Wikipedia)
This suggests that effectiveness is based on the type of pheromone emitting from diffusers, as well as the type of behaviour a cat is exhibiting. Most diffusers mimic the F3 pheromone which may help an anxious cat to chill out and even reduce tension in multi-cat households, but it won't eliminate the root cause of aggression. Cats may still fight if a trigger exists, such as competition for resources or spotting the local stray through a window.
Related post: Aggressive Behaviour in Cats: 8 Types and Causes
What works for one cat might not work for another, which is perhaps why there are so many conflicting reviews. Pheromone products don’t claim to be a miracle cure and shouldn’t be used as such. They work best alongside other changes such as environmental modifications or medical intervention, if necessary.
Feliway Optimum plug-in diffuser contains a new pheromone complex for enhanced serenity. It helps to solve common signs of stress including spraying, scratching, fear and conflict. Recommended by vets and behaviourists.
Feliway Cat Pheromone Diffuser
If there's one brand you've heard of in regards to pheromone products, it's likely to be Feliway. Known as the number one clinically-proven cat behavioural product, Feliway is backed by over 25 years of science and research into pet welfare.
As of now there are three types of Feliway plug-ins: Classic, Optimum and Friends (Multicat in the USA). Feliway Classic mimics the feline facial pheromone (FFP) which cats produce when rubbing their face and cheeks against objects in their environment. Feliway Friends contains a synthetic version of feline appeasing pheromones (CAP): those a mother naturally releases to her kittens after birth.
Similar to FFP, these are used to make kittens feel safe and protected but also aid identification, bonding and harmonious interactions between littermates. Feliway Friends is recommended for multi-cat households to minimise tension and conflict.
Feliway Optimum is the most popular diffuser, which contains a brand new pheromone complex that has been proven to calm cats better than ever. It contains a blend of feline pheromones that are designed to address a wider range of behavioural issues.
Having tried both Optimum and Friends, you can read a full review of Feliway plug-ins; as well as a comparison with some other well-known brands.
Feliway Friends plug-in diffuser mimics the pheromones that a mother cat releases to her kittens to help reduce tension and conflict in multi-cat households.
Do Cat Pheromones Affect Humans?
Feline pheromones have no effect on other pets or humans as we don't have a specialised organ for detecting them, nor is there any odour from the diffusers themselves. There is, however, a growing interest in the subject of pheromones impacting humans, despite products claiming otherwise.
Studies now suggest that we may be able to detect pheromones subconsciously, with a potential for influencing human behaviour. Some companies have started selling pheromone-based products, including candles and fragrances, to enhance mood and happiness. However, scientific evidence is limited and still a huge topic of debate.
Most diffusers are paraffin-based, so people who are sensitive to the substance may experience headaches or allergic reactions.
Are Pheromone Diffusers Safe?
Yes, pheromone products are formulated especially for cats and pose no risk to their health. The only thing to be cautious of is the safety of the device itself.
As with any plug-in diffuser, it works by heating the liquid so it travels up the length of the reed to permeate the air. It's normal for diffusers to feel warm, but anything involving a flame or heat - particularly electrical appliances - should be carefully monitored for overheating or burning.
Although rare, some people complain of burning smells coming from diffusers and dark patches on the surrounding wall; but this could be a residue from the oil itself. For safety, manufacturers advise replacing plugs every 6-12 months and not leaving empty diffusers plugged in. Once they run out, use a refill or switch it off at the socket.
Some diffusers have an automatic shut-off if problems are detected, but we shouldn't rely on this alone. Diffusers are suitable for wall sockets only, with no adaptors or cables. They should be safe it you follow the manufacturer's instructions.
It goes without saying that any liquid will cause harm if ingested, so remember to check for leakages or spills.
Pet Remedy plug-in diffuser contains a low concentration of valerian and essential oils to work with a cat's natural calming mechanisms when tackling stress and anxiety. Ideal for most pets including cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents and birds.
Other Pheromone Products
As well as diffusers, you can get sprays and wipes for a more immediate “hit” that can be used on things like bedding, cat trees, baskets and carriers prior to a vet visit or other stressful situation.
Feliway Classic Spray contains the same pheromones as the diffuser version and is available in 20ml or 60ml bottles.
For a more natural alternative, it’s worth mentioning that Pet Remedy offers products containing valerian, known for its relaxing properties, and other essential oils. These work with pets’ natural calming systems to make them less reactive to stressful situations, and their effects start to help immediately. With the added benefit of not being cat specific, you can use Pet Remedy diffusers and sprays on other animals such as dogs, rodents and birds.
Dog pheromone products are also available and can be used in conjunction with cats for multi-pet households.
Cat pheromone diffusers and similar products are a helpful tool in managing problem behaviours, whether anxiety related or reducing tension and conflict within multi-cat households. However, they're not intended to replace traditional treatments or medications. If cats are showing signs of stress then it could be an underlying illness or injury. Your first point of call should always be a registered vet.
Related post: 3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting
Mentioned Products
Have you tried any of the diffusers mentioned or think you've found a better alternative? Share your experiences and feedback in the comments to help out fellow cat parents.
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