*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. All photos are my own and previously unpublished. I am not being paid to promote any of the products mentioned in this article. In my previous post, Why Do Cats Scratch and How to Stop It? , we looked at some of the reasons why kitty might be pulling up your carpets and tearing stuffing out of your sofa. Scratching is a natural behaviour but can become destructive if cats aren't given the resources to sharpen and maintain their claws. Scratching also provides exercise, enrichment and the opportunity to scent mark . A variety of fun and engaging scratchers is essential to keep cats happy and protect your home furnishings, so let's dive into some tried and tested options to suit every cat. Cat Scratchers: ; Cardboard Scratcher Basket Wooden Scratch Board Sisal Cat Hammock Cat Sofa with Sisal Pad Sisal Scratcher Bed PawHut Cardboard Lounger PAWZ Road Scratching Board Conlun Cat Scratching Box PETEPELA Cat Scratcher House Cardboard Scratcher Basket These scratcher baskets are typically available in small, medium and large sizes with a choice of oval or round styles. They're made from high-density corrugated cardboard with a textured surface and raised edges for cats to nap and rest in. Since cats like to scratch after waking up, it's an ideal solution. These are both of my boys' favourite type of scratcher, although Simba can't resist the carpet on occasion! The thickened card is sturdy enough to hold a human's weight, but some owners find that they don't withstand scratching for longer than a couple of weeks. By contrast, mine have lasted over a year but it depends on your kitty's enthusiasm levels. The baskets are fairly inexpensive depending on where you shop and what size you require. Be sure to check measurements before purchasing as a lot of customers find that they're smaller than they appear in photos - if anything, I'd suggest sizing up. They also have a tendency to flip over due to the edges being wider than the base, which might be funny for you but not so much for kitty! Due to the material and texture, they're not the easiest to clean. Overall, most cats seem to love these baskets. Worst-case scenario, if you have multiple kitties then you might find yourself investing in a few more to prevent squabbling! Sizes (may vary): The baskets pictured are extra large: Oval 58cm (l) x 42cm (w) Round 55cm x 55cm Small: Oval 43cm (l) x 26cm (w) Round 35cm x 35cm Medium: Oval 47cm (l) x 32cm (w) Round 45cm x 45cm Large: Oval 53cm (l) x 36cm (w) Round 50cm x 50cm ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 100+ Amazon reviews. Wooden Scratch Board This 3-in-1 scratch board and lounger is constructed from solid wood and recycled corrugated cardboard. The wooden frame protects the edges of the scratcher for extra resilience, while adding a bit of height which my cats love. Some assembly is required, but you can choose from three different scratching angles by altering the leg positions: flat, 40° and 70° (almost vertical). When used flat it can double up as a bed or resting spot, with a curved design that's suited to a cat's delicate spine. The overall product is sturdy, well constructed and long lasting, with positive feedback from customers. The only issue I've found is that it's easy to flip over if kitty puts its weight on either end (kind of like a seesaw) which has led to a few scares! Sizes (may vary): The scratch board pictured is medium: 49cm (l) x 29cm (w). Small: 43cm (l) x 25cm (w) Large: 55cm (l) x 30cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 200+ AliExpress reviews. Visit Sisal Cat Hammock This cat hammock is crafted from a solid wooden frame and natural sisal pad that's durable and fray resistant. It has a curved design for a comfortable sleeping position and comes in various lengths so cats can stretch their bodies. The scratcher is easy to assemble with a modern design that blends in nicely with home living spaces. Since it's built like a hammock, the material has some give which might put cats off as they prefer to have solid footing. It's easy to clean by removing the sisal mat for washing. Customers appreciate the scratcher as a practical solution for claw maintenance without the shedding you get with cardboard. However, some cats prefer it as a bed which could be due to the movement when scratching. It's not the sturdiest of structures, especially if you have heavier cats - mine haven't used it at all. Sizes (may vary): The hammock pictured is medium: 50cm (l) x 32cm (w) Small: 39cm (l) x 32cm (w) Large: 60cm (l) x 35cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 100+ Amazon reviews. Cat Sofa with Sisal Pad A cosy cat sofa that combines lounging and scratching with soft plush and a durable sisal pad. The sofa is a good size, with plenty of length for stretching and a raised back for comfort. It's built with anti-slip feet that give it a small elevation off ground level. I really love this sleek little sofa; it's durable and weighty and looks great in the living room. Unfortunately my cats have completely ignored it, which is a shame given that it's a slightly more expensive option. If your cat likes sisal then most reviews agree that this is a worthy purchase, but mine seem to prefer cardboard. Dimensions: 61cm (l) x 38cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 300+ Temu reviews. Sisal Scratcher Bed This multi-functional cat bed is crafted from natural sisal to provide a texture that cats are inclined to scratch, while being comfortable and durable. It has an anti-slip base and foamboard padding, which makes it lightweight and a tad spongey. The scratcher doubles up as a cosy bed with a dipped centre - I almost want to take a nap on it myself. The cute design isn't an eyesore in the home and it's suitable for cats of all ages and sizes. It comes with an attached ball for extra engagement, prompting kitty to use its claws. Customers love the cute design and spacious size, but some cats don't like standing on it due to the foam being a little soft. Even if it's not used as a scratcher, it has the advantage of making a great bed and toy. Dimensions: 61cm (l) x 40cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 2,000+ Temu reviews. PawHut Cardboard Lounger This stylish scratcher is purrfect for the pampered puss while complementing your home decor. It's made completely from cardboard to satisfy your cat's urge to sharpen their claws, and the elevated position entices them to sit and lounge on their own piece of furniture - giving them less need to scratch yours! Admittedly, I bought this for the cool design but also because my cats love their cardboard baskets; although it's mainly hogged by Drax. The PawHut Lounger comes in several designs if you shop around, and the free catnip is a bonus. Customers love that the scratcher matches their decor, say it's good value for money and lasts longer than standard boards. They're spacious enough for most adult cats but larger breeds might be a squeeze. Dimensions: 60cm (l) x 29cm (w) x 26.5cm (h) Seat: 33.5 (l) x 26cm (w) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 90+ Amazon reviews. Shop pet supplies 30% off orders over £39 with code: UKNEW30 →  Click to accept 100 coupon bundle →  Click to accept PAWZ Road Scratching Board This unique design by PAWZ Road is constructed from BC and BB corrugated card for enhanced firmness and durability. It offers three pose positions to adapt to cats' different scratching angles and can be placed horizontally or vertically, making good use of household spaces. Additionally, the multi-functional scratcher combines claw sharpening with sleeping and playing. Cats can use it as a lounge spot, bat the ball nestled in the recess or play hide-and-seek in the hole. Since the middle block can be removed from the slot, you're getting an extra scratcher for free. I initially placed a couple of these in the hall when my cats went through their aggressive phase, hoping it'd provide a distraction from glaring at each other. It helped somewhat with Drax, but Simba completely ignored them - and I don't think they've ever noticed the ball, but that's my boys all over! Customers appreciate the product's large size and sturdiness, and cats can make use of the 3-sided scratching board by turning it around when one side is worn. It also makes a great ramp for senior cats and kittens that need help climbing onto higher surfaces like sofas. As with all cardboard scratchers, try to keep it clean and dry. Dimensions: 71cm (l) x 19cm (w) 31cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 600+ Amazon reviews. Conlun Cat Scratching Box Cats love a good box, and the Conlun Scratching Box has multiple uses. It provides a secure, enclosed space for resting, with two side holes for swatting toys and playmates. The scratcher can be placed inside as a base or used separately, and it's made from high-density recycled cardboard which is reversible for extended use. The great thing about these boxes is that they trap loose shavings to keep floors clean, reducing the need for constant sweeping. Many owners find this engaging enough to deter cats from scratching furniture but, as always, double check the measurements as adult cats may need a larger size. As well as sizing, boxes come in a few different colours and designs, with extra scratch boards or additional cat toys. Despite this being a versatile product, some customers complain about it being expensive for what it is, especially as you could make your own version at home. To save a few pennies, check out this how-to guide: DIY Cat Toys That Are Cheap and Easy to Make: Step-by-Step Guides Dimensions: 43.2cm (l) x 25cm (w) x 12.7cm (h). ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. Shop Pet Furniture → PETEPELA Cat Scratcher House The PETEPELA Scratcher House has three sides of high-density recycled corrugated cardboard with a front and back made from solid wood, including a doorway and peepholes. Cats can lounge on the top or nap inside, with multiple surfaces for scratching and territory marking. It also comes with a removable spring mouse toy for batting and swatting. The house can be tucked away in a corner and easily blends in with the home; however, it's quite compact inside. Drax is 5kg and barely squeezes into it, while Simba has never made the attempt! Customers find it easy to assemble, great for kittens but too small for large adult cats. Dimensions: 30cm (l) x 30cm (w) x 40cm (h) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 400+ Amazon reviews. In summary, cardboard and sisal scratchers are great alternatives to standard posts, especially for cats that prefer to scratch horizontally. Cardboard typically has more shedding and may not last as long, but cats are attracted to the texture; while sisal can better withstand excessive scratching and provides a deterrent from your carpets. Those with incorporated toys offer extra enrichment, while baskets and loungers are multi-functional for smaller living spaces. There are lots of options and styles available, and these are just a few examples to get you started. Hopefully, I've given you some ideas for adding a bit of fun and variety to the home - and more importantly, kitty's environment. Happy shopping! Information accurate from February 2026 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Do you have any of these scratchers at home or something similar? Share your buys and inspo for other pet parents.

" After 12 terrifying days of conflict between Israel and Iran, a fragile ceasefire is in place. But for the animals, the nightmare is far from over. As bombs fell and civilians fled, countless pets were left behind - abandoned in shattered homes, or dropped at overwhelmed shelters by desperate families with nowhere else to turn. These animals didn’t deserve this. They are hungry, terrified and in urgent need of help ." - Network for Animals Impacts of Middle Eastern War on Animals In a time of chaos and uncertainty in the Middle East, millions of human lives are affected - yet the consequences of war extend far beyond people to their beloved pets, who are often left behind. The pain and suffering of animals may be less visible, but it remains just as severe. Even wildlife is unable to escape the horror, with the destruction of their habitats causing issues such as: Increased competition for resources. Forcing animals into human-populated environments like towns and cities, which are unsuitable and lead to dangerous encounters for both humans and animals. Poaching in areas where law enforcement is weakened, pushing species closer to extinction. Pollution and contamination of soil and water. In addition to pets and wildlife, farmers in Gaza have reported the deaths of thousands of cattle, goats and sheep due to food and water shortages. Israeli bombardment has even destroyed Gaza zoos, and the animals that survived are left starving alongside their human caregivers. Efforts from charities and welfare organisations to aid animals in conflict zones face significant hurdles. Rescuers often struggle to access dangerous areas, have limited resources and no government funding. Still, they risk their lives every day to reach as many abandoned, trapped and injured animals as possible. This isn't limited to the Middle East but conflict around the world - our planet earth - which the powers that be are so desperate to destroy, without care or consideration for its other inhabitants. Credit: AEA & LTAL Network for Animals and Partners " At Starting Over Sanctuary (SOS) in central Israel, our team cares for over 1,700 animals - 1200 of them donkeys, many maimed and traumatized by war. SOS has just rescued a horse and 60 cats who were severely injured - some dismembered, others blinded by shrapnel - after a devastating missile strike in Tel Aviv. The sanctuary is already struggling to cover its skyrocketing monthly expenses for food and medical care for more than 1,700 animals. Now, with dozens of new traumatized and wounded rescues in need of emergency surgery, food and shelter, the costs are rising by the day ." - Network for Animals Network for Animals' partner shelters in Israel and the West Bank are at breaking point. Let the Animals Live (LTAL) shelter is at 120% capacity, with over 300 cats and dogs crammed into every available space. Families whose homes were destroyed are begging them to take in pets that they can no longer care for or don't have permits to cross international borders. At the Animal Environment Association (AEA) - the only shelter in the West Bank area - animals arrive every week that have been hit by cars, shot or abandoned. Donations and adoptions have slowed, the cost of food is rising and supplies are running out; yet each day brings more rescues, more cries for help and more hungry mouths to feed. Sulala Animal Rescue On a smaller scale, yet equally as noteworthy, Sulala Animal Rescue is the only organisation in the Gaza Strip that rescues stray animals. Founder, Saeed Al Err, started out feeding and tending to stray cats and dogs, and he quickly built up a reputation in the area. In addition to the 40 cats he keeps at home, another 30 live with volunteers and he oversees a shelter that's home to 200 dogs! Sulala Animal Rescue primarily runs on donations, which don't cover all of the necessary costs. Now, with an endless flood of abandoned and injured animals that have been traumatised by war, times are harder than ever. Credit: Sulala Animal Rescue A Call to Action From one cat owner to another - one animal lover to another - can you imagine being faced with the impossible decision to leave your furry companion behind in the desperation to save your own life? I implore you not to let the pets of the Middle East be a mere afterthought and help to make their lives just a little more bearable - not just for the animals, but for the owners they were torn from. Even the smallest donations are put to good use at Network for Animals, an organisation that I've followed and supported since the invasion of Ukraine, which opened my eyes to the brutal - and at times, unseen - effects of war. As history repeats itself, again, we must unite to make a difference. If you're unable to donate, you can use the power of your voice and social media to share information. Education is key in tackling the impact of war on animal life and, on a broader scale, global awareness can help to generate increased support for conservation and rescue efforts. Remember, the wellbeing of animals is intertwined with our own. You can help by: Staying up to date with this topic on the Network for Animals website or making a donation . Following Sulala Animal Rescue on Facebook , Twitter , Instagram or TikTok where you can find their donation details. Donating to other animal welfare organisations that have placements in the Middle East. Sharing this post and other articles. * Network for Animals is a non-governmental, international animal welfare organisation that often works in difficult situations where animals need the most help. With your donations they can rush food, medicine and emergency care to the helpless animal victims of this brutal war, as well as supporting their partners in rescuing animals with nowhere else to turn. Credit: Said Khatib/AFP via Getty Images " The suffering of animals knows no borders. " " Photos and videos of dead animals, emaciated dogs, starving cats and flocks of birds in Gaza have been circulating on social media since the war began in early October. Many were killed, but others starved to death. The survivors are traumatized. Some also suffer physically in the absence of veterinary care ." - M&S Research Hub " The scarcity of food and shelter has led to immense suffering, especially among cats, dogs, horses, donkeys and birds.... We don’t have a presence in the affected region. We have been signposting our supporters to Sulala Animal Rescue and encourage donations to this organisation so they can provide aid and practical support to animals caught up in the conflict.... At the request of Sulala we have written to the US Government, Israeli Ambassadors in key locations and the Israeli Government imploring them to allow aid for animals through the checkpoints. " - World Animal Protection " We at IFAW extend our heartfelt concern for the people and animals enduring the current conflict in Israel and Gaza. We express our condolences for the innocent lives lost and our profound sympathy for the people and animals affected by the turmoil. We acknowledge the immense challenges faced by families forced to flee, being separated from loved ones and leaving behind their beloved pets and livestock, adding another layer of tragedy to an already devastating situation ." - International Fund for Animal Welfare Share your thoughts in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. As with most prey animals, cats tend to hide their pain and signs of stress can be very subtle. This is an evolutionary trait that reduces the chance of being an easy target for predators. Domestication has changed animals in a lot of ways, but survival instinct is second nature to our pets. This is especially true for cats, whose complex behaviours are deeply rooted in their evolutionary history. Cats can become stressed for an abundance of reasons, and what triggers one cat may not bother another. Just like people, some are more sensitive or prone to developing chronic stress than others. This depends on genetic factors, such as a mother cat being stressed during pregnancy; learning from previous experiences; environment and emotions. Situations that put cats at a behavioural disadvantage include lack of socialisation in the developmental stage of kittenhood; feral cats that have never experienced life in a domestic setting and hand-rears. Research has also shown that certain breeds are more likely to exhibit stress-related behaviours than others. In this article: Signs of Stress in Cats Causes of Stress Treatment Cat Calming Products Summary Signs of Stress in Cats When my old Persian, George, started peeing on a beanbag and escaping from the garden, it was a clear sign that something was amiss. Sure enough, he was diagnosed with bladder stones and had been concealing his discomfort a long time before showing any physical symptoms. To make things worse, he became severely depressed and, naturally, I blamed myself - even though I couldn't possibly have known any sooner. While George's stress and its related behaviours were a result of pain, it's also possible for stress to be the cause of certain conditions. One of the most common examples being stress-induced cystitis, which is a defect in the way that cats handle stress; although the exact cause remains a mystery. Signs of cystitis include urinating outside the litter tray, peeing frequently or in small amounts and straining or crying while toileting. Cats may also experience digestive issues such as vomiting and diarrhoea in periods of increased stress or anxiety. In the table below are some other signs and symptoms of stress. Behavioural Body Language Scratching or clawing furniture. Wide eyes with large, dilated pupils. Excessive meowing or crying. Whiskers perked forwards. Urine spraying. Ears pointing to the back or sides of the head (airplane ears). Hiding. Tail tucked under or curled tightly around the body. Fear and nervousness. Tensed body held low to the ground. Extreme vigilance. Fluffed up fur. Overgrooming. Yowling. Loss of appetite or overeating. Being quiet and withdrawn. Lethargy. Self-mutilation. Aggression or fighting with other cats. It's important not to mistake a cat in distress for one that's being naughty, as it might seem as though your cat is acting out for attention. If destructive behaviour is sudden and out of character then a trip to the vets is the best thing you can do for them. Related post: How to Prepare Cats for a Vet Visit and Reduce Stress More acute signs of stress are easier to spot and are usually triggered by an unexpected or frightening incident, such as fireworks . Animals can suffer heart attacks in extreme cases, so if you notice any of these things then it's crucial to act quickly to remove or reduce the stressor. I f cats don't want to be handled then give them some space or you could escalate things . Crouched on all fours with a hunched, rigid posture. Shaking, hissing, growling or drooling. Excessive crying. Rapid breathing or panting. Involuntary peeing or pooping. Immobility. Lip smacking. Pet Remedy Calming Spray provides a natural way of tackling stress and anxiety in cats, dogs and other small animals. It contains a blend of valerian and essential oils and can be sprayed on bedding, blankets and carriers prior to a vet visit. Lip smacking isn't often mentioned as a sign of anxiety, but having witnessed it myself before knowing what it was, it's worth exploring just in case. This is when cats move their mouths and it makes a "smacking" sound when their lips come together, sometimes accompanied by a flicking tongue. Most of the time it's considered normal behaviour such as after a meal, anticipating a tasty snack or while sleeping. If it's happening frequently or with other symptoms then it can indicate dental problems, digestive issues and the big one: stress. Cats might lip smack to help calm themselves down or relieve anxiety, also known as displacement behaviour - in other words, behaviour that seems out of context for the situation. Other examples of this are overgrooming and tail chasing, which could simply be a result of overstimulation! When I first saw Drax lip smacking I thought he was choking or about to vomit, but I later learned that it was a reaction to the ongoing conflict with his brother. In many cases, lip smacking stopped him from retaliating so there are some clear benefits. Causes of Stress If cats have been examined by a vet and there are no underlying health concerns, then we need to rule out environmental factors. Changes to Routine If there's one thing cats hate, it has to be change! This is particularly true regarding their environment, and some possible triggers include: Moving house. Renovations or building work. New people, babies or pets. Visit Cats take a lot of time mapping out their environments, both visually and by using the scent glands on their faces and bodies - yes, that includes clawing furniture or carpets (to a degree). These are normal behaviours, so if your cat starts scratching more than usual - or spraying as a form of scent marking - then it's probably trying to tell you something. New furniture, new people and new environments all come with a flurry of new smells, which can be a huge knock to a cat's confidence and security. Their strong survival instinct means they're constantly looking for and assessing danger, so routine and predictability can help massively with stress. Cats learn from past experiences, and familiarity equals safety. If moving to a new home, ensure cats have some of their old bedding, toys, litter trays and other resources as a familiar object. Cat Cube House is unique and versatile, made from easy to clean plastic material with a free mat. Can be attached to other cubes and reconfigured in many styles to create a fun and dynamic kitty playground. Available in multiple colours. New Pets, People or Babies If there's a new kid on the block, there's a good chance that cats are going to view them as an intruder, so don't be surprised if they act unusually fearful or aggressive . Just having guests over for dinner can upset a nervous kitty, and providing a safe room away from the noise goes a long way in reducing anxiety. It's also possible that a stray or neighbourhood cat could be bringing problems into the home if, for example, it's spotted in the garden or urine spraying near the house. Related post: How to Stop Cats Spraying and Urine Marking Outside Your Home with 8 Tips Cats don't need to see an intruder to pick up on its scent, a problem I've encountered with my own boys that led to an unpleasant case of redirected aggression .  Introducing new pets or people should be done gradually and by following the same strategy as outlined in the separation and reintroduction process . Fear Cats can and will lash out at the nearest thing if they feel threatened, whether it's a bellowing rumble of thunder or the local stray doing a " Here's Johnny! " at the window. Adrenaline can take hours, days or sometimes longer to leave the system, during which time your kitty might be extra skittish or hide more than usual. Fear could also be a result of past experiences, such as trauma or abuse. The earlier the stimuli can be identified and removed, the better the outlook. Remember too that cats don't perceive love in the same way that humans do, so don't make the mistake of smothering your kitty with unwanted attention. Lack of Resources Cats are solitary creatures in the wild and not used to sharing a territory. This is one of the main causes of stress in multi-cat homes, so providing more resources than the amount of cats allows for less encounters and therefore less squabbling - in theory. Experts recommend one resource per cat, plus one extra: for example, if you have two cats then there should be three litter trays. Other vital resources include food and water stations, beds , cat trees, scratch posts and toys . Related post: Small Cat Tree Stands and Towers for All Cats (Tried and Tested) PawPoll Wireless Cat Water Fountain is a large-capacity, stainless steel fountain that can be placed anywhere in the home. It has a quadruple filtration system and three flow modes: sensor, timer and continuous. Resource placement is also important; something as simple as putting food bowls in high-traffic areas can scare cats off wanting to eat. Both of my boys are nervous Nellies, but Drax in particular developed a habit of spinning around whenever he heard a noise that put him off drinking - which was as annoying for me as I'm sure it was for him! Switching out water bowls for cat fountains worked wonders, perhaps due to the distraction of running water or the trickling sound helped to drown out (pardon the pun) the creaks and squeaks of an old house. Either way, cats require privacy and that includes time away from their human guardians. The desire to poop in private isn't such a strange concept, is it? Bullying from Other Cats Bullying can happen for any number of reasons, some of which have already been mentioned. Squabbling over resources, territorial disputes, establishing hierarchies and picking on weaker or timid cats just because they can. Unfortunately, some cats simply don't get along with other cats, and if aggression is severe then the best option is to rehome or apply the separation and reintroduction process . Related post: Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats Illness or Disease As mentioned, any kind of physical pain, illness or condition can trigger an emotional response. The only way to rule out medical issues is to get a health check-up. Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), dental problems and arthritic pain are all common causes of stress. A stressed body is also more susceptible to illness due to suppression of the immune system, as touched on earlier. Anxiety has been linked to certain cancers, heart disease, hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, hyperglycaemia, upper respiratory tract infection, reproductive failure and allergies. Boredom Lack of stimulation can have a detrimental effect on emotional wellbeing as well as physical health. Just as with humans, an active mind improves brain function and helps to keep anxiety away. Cats are curious souls that love to explore and interact with their environment. Burning off excess energy also reduces stress, behavioural problems and conflict between household cats. Resources extend to toys and games, food puzzles, climbing areas, scratchers and other forms of   enrichment   so cats can exhibit normal behaviour patterns. Related post: Silvervine vs Catnip: Which Is Best for Cats? Visit Loss of a Companion There's no way of knowing how a cat will react when it loses a companion, and even bonded cats may seem unaffected by death. Keeping a watchful eye on any behavioural changes will help to understand their emotional state: loss of appetite, restlessness, sleeping more, excessive meowing or crying, clinginess and staring into space rather than engaging in usual activities. We don't know if cats feel grief in the same way as humans, but offering extra attention can help to reassure and distract a mourning kitty. Related post: Pet Bereavement Support and Coping with the Loss of a Pet Zylkene Supplements for Cats contain alpha-casozepine, a natural milk protein with clinically proven calming effects. Helps to reduce fear-based stress and anxiety caused by challenging situations including changes to the home, travelling and fireworks. Treatment Getting your kitty booked in for a health check-up at a veterinary clinic should be top priority in cases of behavioural changes, even if they don't seem to be in any physical pain. Keeping a record of your cat's behaviour will give your vet a clearer picture of its symptoms, which will help to understand its emotions and possible causes. Further tests may be required for a diagnosis and treatment will depend on the results. If stress is due to an underlying medical condition, treatment could include medication or dietary changes, such as urinary food to combat FLUTD. Home-based treatments might involve making changes to a cat's environment. Referral to a behaviourist for further advice and behavioural training. Calming products such as sprays and diffusers . Cat Calming Products With an abundance of calming products on the market, it's hard to know where to start; however, this shows that stress and anxiety are commonplace in the domestic cat. According to KBV Research , the global Pet Calming Products Market is expected to reach $20.6 billion by 2028, which is an annual market growth of 5.6%. Meanwhile, the Cat Calming Food Market was valued at $500 million in 2024. Shop Pet Furniture → Some of the most popular products include  plug-in diffusers and sprays that contain feline pheromones or essential oils. Feliway and Pet Remedy are leading brands in the pet calming market, and while they have different methods of targeting stress, both aim to reduce most of the associated behaviours as listed at the beginning of this article. In fact, users of Feliway Classic - the brand's original pheromone diffuser - reported a reduction in urine marking in 9 out of 10 cats, with over 38,000 reviews on Amazon. Also available are calming spot-ons, collars, supplements and herbal treats . Some pet food brands that cater to prescription diets formulate calming food with special ingredients and tailored nutrition - at a price. Related post: Best Cat Calming Plug-in Pheromone Diffusers (Tried and Tested) Feliway Optimum Plug-In Diffuser contains a new pheromone complex for enhanced serenity. It helps to solve common signs of stress including spraying, scratching, fear and conflict. Recommended by vets and behaviourists. Summary Similar to coming face to face with a predator in the wild, any kind of unusual or scary event can activate a cat's fight-or-flight response. Stress can be defined as a natural coping mechanism that, on a short-term basis, serves a very important function - as in the previous example, to protect themselves from danger and potential injury. It's important to remember that there's a lot more going on beneath the surface. Stress is a biological response to a perceived stimulant that triggers many physiological changes in the body, and behavioural action is the final result. Vigilance is key in spotting signs of distress and working to reduce or remove it as quickly as possible. Let's not forget that cats are highly sensitive to human emotions, too. Even if they don't show it, they're capable of picking up on physiological changes such as heart rate and blood pressure; as well as mannerisms and tone of voice. If you suffer from anxiety or find yourself going through a particularly stressful period, try to offer kitty some extra love and reassurance. Related post: Do Cats Sense Depression and Anxiety in Their Owners? To summarise, here are a few things you can do to make the home more cat friendly and limit chances of your kitty developing chronic stress. Avoid sudden changes to routine and introduce new pets or people gradually. Provide a cat-only room or private area. Ensure there are lots of hiding places around the home. Make sure you have adequate space for the number of cats you have. Remove potential stressors, such as closing curtains if a stray has been spotted and limiting noise. Provide plenty of enrichment, including mental and physical stimulation. Schedule short play sessions to help burn off excess energy. Provide vertical and horizontal climbing areas. Offer plenty of resources and scoop litter trays regularly. Don't use harsh cleaning chemicals, fragrances, air fresheners, scented candles or essential oils. These can be toxic and irritating to your cat's nose and respiratory system. Utilise calming aids if necessary.   Mentioned Products Feliway Classic Plug-In Diffuser Feliway Happy Snack Relaxing Treats Weewooday 4 Pcs Cat Calming Collar Do you have a stressed kitty at home? Share your experiences and remedies to help out fellow parents or get in touch for more help and advice.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Cats are extremely good at hiding their stress or pain to keep themselves safe from predators in the wild, a trait that lives on in our domestic cats. Unfortunately, this makes it easy for owners to miss the signs or mistake abnormal behaviour for a cat acting out. A cat's stress response, also known as "fight or flight", is triggered by a release of hormones that prepares them for danger, such as running from a predator. However, cats are less well-adapted to deal with long-term chronic stress, and this plays a significant role in behavioural problems such as: Inappropriate elimination (urinating outside the litter tray, spraying, fouling). Overgrooming. Scratching. Excessive vocalisation. Hiding. Aggression. You might be surprised to learn that a cat's ability to cope with stressful situations develops before they're born. If a mother cat experiences stress during pregnancy - such as poor nutrition, illness or injury - then her kittens may be more prone to stress later in life than those who haven't been exposed to it in the womb. I can attest to this myself as a parent of two orphaned kittens that had to be hand-reared after rejection from their birth mother. Drax and Simba are the most skittish cats I've ever had, which has led to some rather problematic behaviour that you can read more about here . Aside from genetic predisposition, a cat's stress response can be affected by age, breed, sex and health. Other contributing factors include cats learning from previous experiences and their environment. Physical signs of chronic stress such as vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and skin problems are similar to digestive disorders. It's important to pay attention to every aspect of your cat's behaviour so the vet can rule out health concerns and find the most suitable treatment. Feline stress is extremely common and, in many cases, easily solved with a few simple changes. Recognising the potential triggers can go a long way in avoiding worst-case scenarios like rehoming, which is one of the most difficult decisions for a pet parent to make. Get to know other stress-related signs and symptoms in this detailed post: Signs of stress in Cats, Causes and Treatment 8 Causes of Feline Stress: Illness and Disease Changes to the Environment New People or Pets Territory and Resources Other Cats Separation Anxiety Boredom Fear Illness or Disease Since cats instinctively hide their pain, illness can trigger an emotional response - that response being stress. For example, a cat that's overgrooming could be experiencing pain in the area that it's focusing on; or it could simply have a flea infestation or allergy. If a cat has developed cystitis then it might start urinating outside the litter tray. Certain hormonal imbalances and nutritional deficiencies can affect a cat's behaviour. Seniors may experience a decline in cognitive ability that leads to behaviours similar to those seen in dementia. It's important to rule out medical issues by getting cats checked over by a vet. Some common illnesses that contribute to stress include: Feline lower urinary tract disease. Dental problems. Arthritis. Changes to the Environment A cat's environment concerns their territory, which can be affected by numerous factors. The biggest and most obvious change is moving house, which is extremely stress-inducing for humans, let alone a cat that doesn't understand what's going on. Your cat will know every inch of its home: every piece of furniture and every nook, cranny, window and doorway. What's more, it will have scent marked most of those areas with its own specific pheromones so they're safe and familiar. If you're as observant as me, you might have noticed your cat's reaction upon spotting something that wasn't there before. I once left a vase of flowers on the mantelpiece and the moment Drax walked into the living room, his neck stretched up like a giraffe in what I can only describe as a fusion of apprehension and curiosity. Meanwhile, Simba will manically swat a stray shoe on the floor. These "changes" are insignificant or even unnoticeable to humans, and while my cats are rather extreme examples, you can see how they're ruled by instinct, first and foremost. That's not to say all cats are of such a nervous disposition. A curious kitty may sniff the invading object before moving on, while a confident kitty might ignore it completely. Major changes to the home can be more problematic: renovations, decorating, new furniture or even moving furniture around can affect a cat's sense of security by throwing a literal spanner into their works. Unfamiliar people coming and going, strange new smells and excessive noise is highly distressing for cats. Daintry Cat Calming Spray combines feline pheromones with the natural soothing properties of cedarwood to reduce stress and anxiety. Use around the home or spray onto carriers prior to travelling. For this reason, it's best to keep cats away from any building work if possible. You can do this by blocking off the area or providing a private room away from the noise. Temporary residence with a friend or family member is another option, unless it's likely to cause your cat more stress. If this isn't possible, you might consider booking into a cattery on a short-term basis. If moving home, ensure cats have some of their old bedding, toys, litter trays and other resources as familiar objects. I highly recommend investing in a plug-in diffuser that emits synthetic pheromones, similar to what your cat would release naturally to scent mark its environment. Related post: Best Cat Calming Plug-in Pheromone Diffusers (Tried and Tested) New People or Pets Changes to a cat's environment usually go hand in hand with a change of routine, as is the case with a new baby. We know cats are sensitive to sound and smell, and what are babies if not noisy, smelly creatures? Coupled with the lack of attention, which will all fall onto the new human, your cat may feel as though its territory is being completely taken over. You can aid the process with a gradual introduction, which starts before the baby arrives by allowing cats to inspect any new furniture and access to the nursery. The same would apply to new people if, for example, your partner moves into the household. It's perfectly fine to leave items of their clothing around so cats can familiarise themselves with the new smell before they move in full-time. Feliway Friends Plug-In Diffuser mimics the pheromones that a mother cat releases to her kittens to help reduce tension and conflict in multi-cat households. If your kitty is slightly antisocial and you have lots of visitors or host regular parties, it's crucial to follow the advice above by providing plenty of safe places, as well as asking people to kindly not maul your anxious cat. Of course, new additions to the home or family can extend to pets, and extra measures should be taken when introducing other cats to limit the chance of aggressive or territorial behaviours. This should be done by following the same strategy as outlined in the separation and reintroduction process . Territory and Resources If you thought dealing with one stressed kitty was complicated, try dealing with multiple kitties! Due to their independent natures, you could say that cats aren't built to live together - yet we know they can, as demonstrated in stray colonies and even lion prides. The wildcat is a solitary hunter and only seeks out other cats for the purpose of mating. Stray cats band together out of convenience, as they're often fed by humans and learn where to get all the best scraps. By doing this, there's less chance of outsider cats or other colonies from encroaching on their food supply. It also offers greater protection from predators and mating availability. PawHut Multi-level Cat Tree with a spacious condo, soft padded top bed and middle perch. Includes a hanging ball, sisal posts and massage toy. Tree stands at 85cm and is perfect for cats of all ages. Much like house cats, colonies will create what's known as a "group scent" to keep intruders away, which further emphasises their territorial nature. However, this doesn't mean that all colony members live in harmony. While there may be some element of companionship, they're still looking out for number one! Of course, we can't compare this life of survival to our domestic moggies because they're provided with food, shelter and care. Expecting cats to live in confined conditions is a far cry from their natural habitat, not to mention sharing that space with other cats not of their choosing and noisy humans. A cat's basic resources include food and water, litter trays, bedding , safe places (such as cat trees which double up as beds), scratch posts and toys. The amount you need will depend on how many cats are in the household. Can you imagine urgently needing the bathroom, only to find that it's already occupied? This is annoying for a human, let alone our territory-obsessed kitties. Related post: Small Cat Tree Stands and Towers for All Cats (Tried and Tested) It's often not enough to provide one resource per home but, rather, one resource per cat - plus one extra. For example, three cats would need four litter trays, four beds and so on. These should be spread around the house and placed away from busy areas to give cats the privacy they need. Related post: Where to Put a Cat's Food and Water Bowls, Litter Tray, Bedding and Other Essential Resources Cats have a tendency to take their frustration out on their housemates by lashing out, which can lead to an offensive/defensive relationship. I encountered this problem with my own boys and it quickly became territorial, which was much harder to remedy. Signs of a territorial kitty aren't always obvious and could be described as passive-aggressive. One cat may guard or block access to resources, spread themselves across doorways and stare at the other cat in an attempt to intimidate them. This bullying behaviour can escalate into chasing, ambushing and full-contact fights. Visit What you have to figure out is if the problem is between the cats themselves or an external factor, so removing all potential stressors is a good place to start. This includes ensuring you have enough space for the amount of cats in the home, which you can increase by providing vertical climbing areas and cat-friendly shelves. Yaheetech Floor-to-Ceiling Cat Tower has an adjustable height of 228-255cm. As well as multiple platforms, it contains two roomy condos; two baskets; a sisal ladder and built-in scratching mat. Learn more about the importance of resource sharing in this detailed post: Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats Other Cats We've spoken about resident cats, but what about strays and other cats in the neighbourhood? This isn't limited to those that have access to outdoors; just spotting an intruder through a window can trigger a territorial response. This is a classic example of redirected aggression , whereby kitty gets spooked or overstimulated and can't reach the source of the scare, so it lashes out at the nearest thing - usually other resident cats. I've had this issue regularly over the last couple of years, not with other cats but loud noises like thunder or fireworks. If your cat has picked up the smell of an unfamiliar feline then it might start urine spraying to surround itself with its own scent and boost security. Recommended solutions include: Limiting outdoors time, particularly the hours of dusk and dawn when cats are most active and therefore likely to bump into one another. Cleaning yards, patios and exterior doors with a strong disinfectant. Covering cat flaps. Closing curtains where you think an intruder has been spotted or using self-adhesive privacy films. Related post: How to Stop Cats Spraying and Urine Marking Outside Your Home with 8 Tips Separation Anxiety This is more commonly associated with dogs who can be known to bark from the moment their owner leaves home until the moment they return. Cats too may engage in excessive vocalisation, but there are some other signs to be aware of. Urinating or pooping on a human's belongings in an attempt to scent mix. Urine spraying around the home. Overgrooming. Not eating or lack of appetite. Hiding. Separation-related behaviour is rare in cats but more likely to occur in single-pet households. Despite being content in their own company, there's less to do when their owners are absent and they're confined indoors. In fact, cats that live strictly indoors are more prone to separation anxiety as they don't have access to outdoor space and are completely reliant on their owners for food, water and entertainment. This can result in a much deeper attachment, as is the case with bonded cats that may display similar behaviours after losing a companion. Related post: Pet Bereavement Support and Coping with the Loss of a Pet Beaphar Herbal Calming Treats contain hop flowers, Melissa and valerian which is known for its calming properties. They help to promote relaxation and reduce the symptoms of stress including scratching, spraying and excessive vocalisation. Some cats thrive on physical contact and become stressed when they don't get it or are left alone for long periods of time, particularly if it falls out of their normal routine. Others are more solitary and too much physical contact can leave them in a state of anxiety or arousal. Therefore, it also depends on the personality of the cat in question Some other factors that can affect cats are being separated from their mother too soon, hand-rears and spending a lot of time in shelters which contributes to insecurity. Boredom Domestic cats are generally less active than their wild counterparts, but this is even more the case with indoor cats who don't get the opportunity to climb, hunt and explore. A sedentary lifestyle affects much more than physical health - even humans are encouraged to exercise to improve mental and emotional wellbeing. Cats need to exhibit their natural behaviours, which is best achieved through play . Related post: Cat Enrichment Ideas and Boredom Breakers for Indoor Cats Cats are known for their ability to sleep for sixteen hours a day. There is a purpose to this, but since our domestic kitties have no need to hunt for food or escape predators at any given moment, they need to burn off energy in other ways. From teaser wands to catnip mice and interactive toys, check out these 12 types of cat toys and games for inspiration. Lack of stimulation can be especially problematic in multi-cat households as it's more likely for conflict to break out. Whether that's a young or hyperactive cat terrorising an older cat; two cats squabbling over territory or no appropriate channel for their energy, play has a crucial role in minimising inter-cat aggression . Fear Fear is often a trigger for acute stress, such as fireworks on New Year, which is more easily remedied because you know the cause. Remember, a cat's first instinct is to run from danger, so they should have plenty of hiding places to retreat to, away from other cats and humans. As tempting as it is to soothe your frightened cat, this can risk it becoming overstimulated and attacking. Of course, if kitty seeks comfort or attention then by all means offer it. Otherwise it's never a good idea to try and pick up a cat that's shaking, panting, growling or hissing - unless it's in immediate danger. As mentioned, pheromone diffusers, calming sprays , herbal treats and other products can help during particularly stress-inducing events. Visit Fear-based stress can also be chronic, as we see in cats that have been abused or traumatised. This could be due to previous bad experiences with humans or lack of socialisation, as is often seen in street cats. As shocking as it is to think that people are capable of harming animals, rehabilitation usually requires intense behavioural therapy. This can take a lot of time, patience and money if you're working with a behaviourist, yet it's one of the most rewarding processes. For carers, seeing an animal that was previously terrified of humans or spent all day hiding under a bed begin to integrate with people and other animals is an achievement like no other. Equally, the animal gets to experience the love and care it was previously denied.   Mentioned Products Yaheetech Floor-to-Ceiling Cat Tower Iokheira Interactive Cat Toy Pet Remedy Party Season Survival Kit Have you got a stressed kitty at home? Share your experiences and solutions to help out fellow parents or get in touch for more help and advice.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. I am not being paid to promote any of the products mentioned in this article. About Beaphar Beaphar is a family-run business founded in the Netherlands in 1942. The company started with homeopathic products for cats and dogs and experienced significant growth between the 1950s and 1970s through the development of the first veterinary medicines and care products for pets. Beaphar prides itself on providing affordable and accessible products of the highest quality to pets and their families in over 86 countries. The company states that as part of their values, pets are highly regarded as members of the family and they're committed to making their business more sustainable for future generations. The Beaphar product range focuses primarily on cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents and birds. It consists of anti-parasite treatments; care and hygiene products; behaviour and training aids; vitamins and nutritional supplements. This article gives an overview of Beaphar's calming product range for cats, with a mixture of diffusers, sprays, spot-ons, collars and treats. As with most brands you'll find on the market, pheromone-based products are becoming increasingly popular as a natural, drug-free method of restoring peace to the home. Beaphar's CatComfort range replicates the pheromones that cats use to mark their environment as safe and familiar, often referred to as "happy messages". Their herbal range uses a combination of natural ingredients, such as valerian, which has been used for its calming properties for centuries. Different products have different benefits, but they're all designed to reduce common behaviours associated with stress and anxiety. Whether you're moving house, introducing a new family member (animal or human!) or travelling with a nervous pet, Beaphar has something for every situation. Related post: Cat Pheromone Diffusers: What Are They and Do They Actually Work? Visit What I like: Wide range of products to choose from. Mixture of pheromone products and herbal remedies. Available online and in pet stores. Balance of quality and affordability. Family-run business. 91% positive ratings on Amazon. As always, I have to mention that all cats are different and the effectiveness of any product will vary from one to the next. It may come down to trial and error, which I know from experience can get expensive! Hopefully, this article serves as a starting point and takes some confusion away for beginners. Beaphar Calming Products: CatComfort Calming Diffuser Starter Kit CatComfort Excellence Calming Diffuser CatComfort Calming Spray CatComfort Calming Spot-On StressLess Herbal Calming Diffuser Starter Kit StressLess Herbal Calming Spray StressLess Herbal Calming Spot-On StressLess Herbal Calming Collar More Herbal Calming Tablets StressLess Herbal Calming Cat Treats STOP IT Spray Beaphar CatComfort Range ⭐⭐⭐⭐ CatComfort Calming Diffuser Starter Kit The CatComfort Starter Kit consists of a plug-in diffuser and refill, ideal for any stressful situation in the home: new pets or babies, moving house, renovations, parties, fireworks and more. It contains a copy of the feline facial pheromone (FFP) that cats deposit when rubbing their faces on objects around the home, which helps to promote feelings of comfort and reassurance. The diffuser targets unwanted behaviours such as scratching , urine marking , overgrooming, hiding and excessive meowing. Simple to use, all you have to do is plug it into a socket in a room where your cat spends most of its time, and the pheromones will continually release for up to 30 days. Most customers agree that the CatComfort Diffuser works as well as other, more expensive brands like Feliway . It's said to be good for reducing destructive behaviours, settling nervousness and supporting separation anxiety. However, some report that it lasts as little as two weeks and smells of burning. The plug is compatible for use with the new Beaphar CatComfort Excellence refills, which has additional benefits as described below. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 2,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Mimics FFP. ✕ Can take 1-4 weeks to see effects. ✓ Covers 70m². ✕ Doesn't target multi-cat harmony. ✓ Lasts for 30 days. ✓ Suitable for cats and kittens. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ CatComfort Excellence Calming Diffuser CatComfort Excellence Diffuser contains a new formula to optimise feelings of reassurance and wellbeing. It combines the feline facial pheromone to reduce unwanted behaviours, and the maternal appeasing pheromone (CAP) that a mother cat releases to her kittens. Cats are solitary animals by nature, so living in close proximity to other cats and having to share their resources can cause additional stress, leading to more problems such as aggression and conflict. The CAP pheromone aids bonding and harmony in multi-cat homes for an overall sense of calm. The plug is compatible with the standard CatComfort refills, so if you find that one is ineffective then you can swap them around without having to purchase a new plug. It's also cheaper than CatComfort. Owners report mostly positive results in settling tension, conflict and general anxiety; while others claim that it's ineffective. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 900+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Mimics FFP and CAP. ✕ Can take 1-4 weeks to see effects. ✓ Covers 70m². ✓ Lasts for 30 days. ✓ Suitable for cats and kittens. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ CatComfort Calming Spray CatComfort Calming Spray is clinically proven to calm and reduce problem behaviours by replicating the feline facial pheromone. It's recommended for use on areas of the home where cats need extra reassurance; carriers prior to travelling and vet visits ; cat flaps; window ledges or anywhere stray cats might be spotted. A 30ml bottle produces approximately 214 sprays and lasts up to 5 hours. It's cheaper than a diffuser but shorter lasting and best for targeted areas. The small size makes it a great portable option at a fair price. Customer reviews mention that you don't need much to see the effects and there's no odour. It's said to reduce excessive crying during vet trips and travelling, but it doesn't work on all cats. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 900+ Amazon reviews. ✓  Mimics FFP. ✕ Only lasts 5 hours. ✓ Works in 15 minutes. ✕ Covers a small area. ✓ Suitable for travelling. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ CatComfort Calming Spot-On The CatComfort Calming Spot-On is recommended for short-term stressful situations like fireworks, thunderstorms, parties, travelling, vet visits and cattery boarding. It will start to create a calming effect 15 minutes after application and lasts for around one week. Each pack includes 3 pipettes. The spot-on contains a copy of the maternal appeasing pheromone to help cats cope with challenging situations, supporting harmonious living and reducing problem behaviours associated with stress and anxiety. When cats are faced with new experiences, raised stress levels can create tension with other household cats so they're more likely to engage in conflict. Spot-ons can be used when cats are removed from their home environment and have an immediate effect, rather than the slow release of pheromones from a diffuser. It's easier to administer than tablets, providing a good alternative. One potential drawback of topical treatments is that they can change how a cat smells to other cats, which could trigger aggression. I'd advise keeping cats separated for a few hours after application. Feedback is mixed on effectiveness, and it can get expensive for long-term use. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Mimics CAP. ✕ Lasts for 1 week. ✓ Contains 3 pipettes. ✕ Expensive. ✓ Works in 15 minutes. ✓ Suitable for travelling. Beaphar Herbal Range ⭐⭐⭐⭐ StressLess Herbal Calming Diffuser Starter Kit StressLess Herbal Calming Diffuser contains the herbs, valerian and lavandin, for their natural calming properties. Effects can be seen as early as one hour after being plugged in and provide long-lasting relief from stress and anxiety in cats and dogs. Refills last up to 4 weeks and cover 50m², which is significantly less than the CatComfort diffusers. The diffuser is ideal for stressful events such as moving house, introducing new pets or babies, fireworks and promoting harmony in multi-pet households. It targets destructive behaviours like scratching, chewing and urine marking. The StressLess Herbal Calming Diffuser is a fairly new product, but early reviews suggest that it's beneficial for both cats and dogs. It's shown positive results for reducing excessive vocalisation, stress during fireworks and helping pets to get along. The aroma is mild but may effect people who suffer from asthma if used on a long-term basis. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 5+ Amazon reviews. ✓   Contains valerian and lavandin. ✕ Covers 50m². ✓   Works in 1 hour. ✕ Scented. ✓   Lasts up to 4 weeks. ✓   Suitable for cats and dogs. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ StressLess Herbal Calming Spray The StressLess Calming Spray contains the natural herb, valerian, renowned for its ability to promote feelings of relaxation and calm. It's designed for cat and dog households to reduce symptoms of stress including scratching, urine spraying, constant meowing or barking and destructive behaviour. The 125ml bottle is more generous than the CatComfort spray. It can be spritzed onto blankets, bedding, toys and other items used by pets; as well as carriers prior to a car journey. It's recommended for use during fearful situations such as renovations, fireworks and thunderstorms. Despite a negative opinion on the smell, owners find StressLess Calming Spray to be helpful during fireworks, travelling and spraying over bedding to help nervous pets sleep. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 12,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓   Contains valerian. ✕ Strong odour. ✓ Effective immediately. ✕ Requires reapplication. ✓ Suitable for travelling. ✓ Works on cats and dogs. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ StressLess Herbal Calming Spot-On StressLess Herbal Calming Spot-On is another valerian-containing formula that helps to alleviate all anxiety-related behaviours. As with the pheromone version, this is best for short-term stress ahead of a challenging situation. The plant-based alternative to pheromones starts to take effect within an hour of application, and each pipette lasts for one week (3 per pack). A herbal spot-on for dogs is also available but, again, it can change the smell of cats and potentially worsen aggression. Customers mention that the StressLess Spot-On helped with overgrooming, excessive meowing, toileting outside the litter tray and hiding; but it's not so effective on hyperactive behaviours. Some didn't find it helpful at all. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 12,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Contains valerian. ✕ Lasts for 1 week. ✓ 3 pipettes. ✕ Strong odour. ✓   Works in 1 hour. ✕ Expensive. ✓ Suitable for travelling. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ StressLess Herbal Calming Collar The StressLess Herbal Calming Collar is suitable for both short and long-term stress caused by moving house, new pets, travelling, fireworks and more. It also targets destructive behaviours like scratching and urine spraying. The adjustable collar contains valerian and lavender for up to 6 weeks of calm and takes effect after one hour. It features a safety mechanism so cats can break free if they get caught on something. Feedback is largely positive in terms of calming effects, but many dislike the smell of valerian; however, if cats don't mind then that's all that matters! On the rare occasion, cats are said to have had an allergic reaction and the collars are easy to break out of. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 12,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Contains valerian. ✕ Strong odour. ✓   Works in 1 hour. ✕ May break. ✓  Lasts for 6 weeks. ✓   Suitable for travelling. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Herbal Calming Tablets The Herbal Calming Tablets for cats and dogs help to promote calm in stressful situations and alleviate problem behaviours. The non-drowsy formula contains a soothing blend of natural plant extracts: Rosemary - reduces stress and anxiety by improving state of wellbeing. Lime tree blossom - muscle relaxing properties and appeasing effects. Hop flowers - calming and soothing. Melissa - calming and soothing with muscle relaxing properties. Tablets are a great alternative to a spot-on or collar if you (or your cats) don't like the smell of valerian. They can be administered prior to vet visits, travelling, fireworks, thunderstorms and other short-term changes. Tablets are chicken flavoured and you get 20 per pack. They take one-and-a-half hours to work and can be given orally or put in food, up to 3 times a day. Since the dosage for cats is half a tablet, they should last for over a month. Most reviews are for dogs but are generally positive for travelling, fireworks, nervousness and separation anxiety. However, some say that they're not strong enough for higher levels of anxiety and occasionally give pets an upset stomach. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 12,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Natural ingredients. ✕ Only lasts 2 1/2 hours. ✓   Works in 1 1/2 hours. ✕ May not agree with some cats. ✓  Suitable for travelling. ✓ Works on cats and dogs. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ StressLess Herbal Calming Cat Treats The StressLess Calming Treats are an alternative to tablets and at a cheaper price. They help to reduce stress and problem behaviour during disruptive times, including scratching, constant meowing and urine spraying. Treats are chicken flavoured and contain calming valerian, soothing hop flowers, relaxing Melissa and rosemary. They're suitable for short-term or long-term use. Treats should be fed up to one-and-a-half hours before a stressful event and every 3 hours thereafter, with no more than 6 given per day. For ongoing use, 2 treats per day is recommended. Owners say StressLess Calming Treats are effective at calming nervous pets, particularly behaviours like hiding and overgrooming. It helps during fireworks and car journeys, as well as promoting restful sleep. Some cats find them too large and hard to chew, and having been a long-term buyer of these treats, mine will only eat them hidden in a pile of Dreamies; however, they do have a mild effect. Related post: 10 Best Cat Calming Treats and Pastes ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 12,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Natural ingredients. ✕ Large/hard to chew. ✓ Works in 1 1/2 hours. ✓ Suitable for travelling. ⭐⭐⭐ STOP IT Spray The STOP IT Spray is an indoor training aid and deterrent for cats and dogs that trains pets not to scratch, claw or chew furniture. It contains citronella and geraniol, natural ingredients that cats are averse to. It can be used on hard or soft furnishings. Directions advise respraying the target area every 2-3 days, as this is typically how long it should take pets to learn to leave the object alone. It's also suitable for training kittens and puppies. Opinions are mixed on effectiveness, with owners saying the STOP IT Spray only works for a short time before wearing off or cats get used to the smell. Persistence is key with any kind of training, and cats should always be provided with scratch posts or mats and other stimulation so they can exhibit their natural behaviours. The price for a 125ml bottle is expensive in comparison to most other brands. ⭐⭐⭐ 3 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Natural ingredients. ✕ Lasts 2-3 days. ✓ Targets scratching and chewing. ✕ Expensive. ✓ Works on cats and dogs. Beaphar products can be used alongside each other for maximum effect: for example, the CatComfort diffuser could be used in conjunction with the CatComfort spot-on or spray. The feline facial pheromone is beneficial for most anxiety-related behaviours, while products containing the maternal appeasing pheromone are aimed at multi-cat harmony and stress associated with new situations. Herbal remedies will help to soothe excited nerves for a calmer home environment. The above is only a guideline, and you should try a range of solutions to see what your cat responds to. For best results, behaviour modification training and/or environmental changes may also be necessary. Information is accurate from February 2026 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Are you familiar with the Beaphar brand? Have you tried any of these cat calming products? Share your feedback and experiences in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Tips for Keeping Cats Cool in Summer: Limiting Outdoor Access Creating a Comfortable Home Environment Keeping Cats Hydrated Grooming Cats and Heatstroke Summary With temperatures soaring in the UK, it can only mean one thing: we're well into summer! As descendants of the African wildcat, our kitty companions have evolved to adapt to desert temperatures in spite of their fluffy coats. In fact, their fur acts as a barrier from the sun's rays as well as insulating them in winter. Cats have a higher body temperature than humans at 37.2-39.2 °C, so they're natural sunbathers. However, they only have sweat glands on hairless areas of the body like the paw pads, nose and anus. Cats cope with heat by looking for shade, stretching out their bodies, lying on cool surfaces, resting, panting and grooming. When their saliva evaporates off the fur, it helps them to cool down. But how hot is too hot? Extreme and prolonged heat exposure can elevate a cat's body temperature to over 40 °C, putting them at risk of heatstroke. To help avoid an emergency scenario, follow these practical steps to keep cats cool during the hottest days of the year. Limiting Outdoor Access Avoid Peak Hours Cats are known for being crepuscular, meaning they're most active at sunrise and sunset. This is optimal hunting time and helps wild cats to avoid daytime hours. If your cat has access to outdoor space, early mornings and late afternoons will typically be cooler for them (before 10 a.m. and after 3 p.m.). Shaded Areas Create a shaded area if there are no trees or bushes to lounge under, which you can do using umbrellas or tarps. Make sure any shed or garage doors are left open to prevent cats getting trapped inside as they often like to sneak away for a nap. Water should be available at all times. Consider setting up an outdoor enclosure or catio that provides shelter and safety while allowing cats to enjoy the fresh air. You can also walk your cat if it's harness trained so they're still getting exercise when outdoor time is limited. Creating a Comfortable Home Environment Ventilation Keeping the home cool and ventilated is particularly important for indoor cats . Air conditioning may be standard in countries with hotter climates, but if it's unavailable then consider these alternatives: Open windows to maintain a good air flow, although experts advise keeping them closed during peak sunshine hours to prevent more heat getting inside. Be sure to cat proof windows using safety locks, screens or netting so cats are unable to jump out. Use fans if possible, but I speak from experience when I say that not all cats will appreciate a whirring monster blasting cold air at them! Maintain Optimal Temperatures Close curtains and blinds to keep windows shaded during the day, especially those facing the sun. You can also get self-adhesive films that reflect UV rays or tinted options to prevent any glares. Cats enjoy sitting or lying on cold surfaces such as tiles and laminate flooring. You can create a similar effect with self-cooling gel mats like the Trixie Pet Cooling Mat , or by wrapping ice packs in a towel. Frozen water bottles are great for cats to lean against if they so desire. Since cats naturally seek out cool, shaded areas, you might want to set up a "cool spot" in a quiet and accessible part of the home. The addition of a water bowl or fountain creates an appealing retreat that encourages cats to drink while escaping the heat. Keeping Cats Hydrated Provide Fresh Water Hydration can be a problem for cats in any season as they're not programmed to seek out water. Wild cats get most of their moisture from prey; after all, a mouse is made up of 70% water. Wet food provides a more species-appropriate diet than dry food , but fresh water should always be available. For cats that only eat kibble, try soaking it in water for a mushier consistency. Warm water enhances the aroma of food, which is effective for picky eaters. PawPoll Wireless Cat Water Fountain is a large-capacity, stainless steel fountain that can be placed anywhere in the home. It has a quadruple filtration system and three flow modes: sensor, timer and continuous. Here are some tips for encouraging cats to drink more: Place multiple water bowls around the home, particularly if you have more than one cat to limit competition. Some cats prefer to have their food and water bowls in separate locations rather than next to each other. As they're natural hunters, they wouldn't normally drink where they eat. Studies show that cats are more likely to drink flowing water than from a bowl, which explains why my two come running whenever they hear a tap. There are lots of cat fountains available on the market, from wireless to motion activated. The movement and trickling sound of water may be more appealing to a cat's curious nature. Offer a variety of drinking containers such as bowls, dishes, pans and wide-rimmed cups. Glass, ceramic or metal is more hygienic than plastic and won't contaminate the taste of water. Make sure containers are filled to the top to prevent irritating a cat's sensitive whiskers. Chill water in a fridge and keep containers topped up with cold water. Since cats are often seen drinking out of puddles, create an artificial one by burying a shallow dish in grass or soil so cats can drink from ground level. Flavour water with a small amount of low-sodium broth or water from a can of fish - not brine . Frozen Treats Turn hydration into a fun experience by freezing small pieces of wet cat food or broth in an ice cube tray. You could leave ice cubes for cats to bat around the floor or place them onto a baking tray, providing enrichment on days when it's too hot to let them outdoors - just remember not to slip on any puddles! If your cat doesn't get enough water, they can become dehydrated. Signs to look out for include: Lethargy. Constipation. Dry or tacky gums. Cold paws. Poor skin elasticity (doesn't snap back into place when gently pinched). Grooming Brushing Cats Since cats self-groom to help cool themselves down, they risk swallowing more hair than usual. Regular brushing removes excess fur and prevents matting. For more grooming tips and brush recommendations, check out this detailed post: How to Groom a Cat and Best Brushes to Use If your cat is tolerant, you can dampen a small towel and dab it over their fur or try stroking them with wet hands. This will have a similar cooling effect to saliva. In cases of extreme heat, it can be beneficial to consult with a groomer about getting a summer haircut for cats with longer or thicker coats. Shaving cats is debated by some, but a professional can discuss the best options for your particular breed of cat. Cats and Heatstroke Signs of Heatstroke It's crucial to monitor cats for signs of heatstroke so you can respond quickly to the situation. Symptoms include: Restlessness. Low energy. Drooling. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Excessive panting. Collapsing. Seizures. Bright red or pale gums. The faster your cat is cooled down, the better the chance of recovery. Cats that are more susceptible to heatstroke include: Long-haired cats. Obese cats. Brachycephalic (flat-faced) cats like Persians. Seniors and young kittens. Cats with heart and lung disease. First Aid From the PDSA website, first aid for heatstroke in cats should consist of: Step 1: Move your cat indoors to a cool room or into shaded area. Step 2: Start cooling them by slowly pouring cold water over their body, keeping away from the nose and mouth so they don't inhale it. Step 3: Create a breeze by turning on a fan or opening doors and windows. Step 4: Offer your cat a drink of cold water (but don't force them). Step 5: Put them on top of a cold, soaking wet towel. Don't cover or cuddle them as this can make them even hotter. Step 6: Wrap an ice pack or bag of frozen veg in a tea towel and place it in between their legs. Step 7: Call your vet or take them to the nearest clinic. Turn on your vehicle's air conditioning or drive with the windows slightly open. If possible, bring someone with you to continue the cooling process. Heatstroke or heat exhaustion aren't the only dangers for cats in hot weather. Some areas of the body like the ears and nose are more at risk of sunburn, so you might want to invest in a pet-safe sunscreen. Sphynx cats are more vulnerable to burning and should be kept out of the sun as much as possible. Related post: First Aid for Cats: Basic Tips and First Aid Kit Essentials Visit Summary With summer in full swing, keeping your cat cool and comfortable should be a priority. By ensuring access to fresh water, creating shaded areas and monitoring for signs of heat exhaustion, you can provide a safe environment for your furry companion. Regular grooming, play and enrichment will help to keep them happy and healthy so they can thrive all summer long. Mentioned Products Rabbitgoo Heat-Reflective Window Film Trixie Pet Cooling Mat Does your kitty struggle with the heat or do you have a serial sunbather? Let us know if any of these tips helped!

Cats are often described as being hard to read, with complex behaviours and an aloofness that's a world apart from the domestic dog. With fewer facial muscles than humans and a limited range of expressions, it's no surprise that our felines have earned themselves this reputation. To me, all this means is that they use other forms of communication. That communication is body language and, as parents, we see it every day. When kitty hisses, you know to back off under the threat of pain. When she meows the house down, you go running to the rescue, even though you know she just wants a drink out of the kitchen tap. When she rubs against your legs as you walk through the front door, you return the greeting with petting. Cats know how to get what they want because they've learned how you react to their behaviours (which is also the key to undoing the less desirable ones!). Not all behaviours are so obvious - to humans, at least. Cats understand each other perfectly well, as demonstrated by the array of warnings they give before engaging in physical conflict. Most cats are smart enough to pick their battles, but emotions can go from content or neutral to defensive and threatening in seconds. During those seconds, there are a sequence of body language cues that are easily overlooked. These cues can tell you when your cat is happy and when they're frightened, comfortable or uncomfortable, on edge or relaxed, sick or healthy and much more. By observing the eyes, ears, whiskers, tail, fur, posture (and vocalisations) we can understand our cats on a much deeper level and thus improve the cat-human relationship. Cat Body Language Eyes Ears Whiskers Tail Posture Despite having fewer facial muscles than humans, recent studies have shown that cats can produce 276 distinct facial signals during social interactions with other cats. It's believed that domestication (and humans) have greatly shaped their communicative abilities, and to witness the evolution of such a misunderstood creature is quite fascinating. Eyes As humans, eye contact is a vital part of communication and usually happens before striking up a conversation. Cats focus primarily on scent - imagine sniffing someone instead of shaking hands! - as a direct stare is more likely to be taken as a threat. This tells us that, while cats don't use eye contact in the same way as humans, it plays a significant role in communication. With pupils that dilate from thin slits to wide circles in an instant, they can tell us a lot about a cat's mood, especially in combination with other signs and signals. Related post: Cat Vision: How Do Cats See the World? Neutral, relaxed. Relaxed eyes with a soft gaze and small oval-shaped pupils - " I'm content. " Eyes partially or fully closed - " Snooze time. " Slow blinks, also known as the cat kiss or cat smile - " I love you ." Excitement, anxiety, fear. Wide eyes with dilated pupils or "saucer eyes" to help assess their surroundings, whether from the thrill of spotting a bird outside or the shock of seeing you wearing a pair of kitty ear headphones (I'm looking at you , Simba!). Check the environment for clues as to what may have caused the arousal and look for other signs of fear, such as flattened ears or fluffed up fur. Aggression, dominance. Hard, direct and unblinking stare. If between two cats then a fight is imminent - cue Mortal Kombat theme tune. Offensive cats may have squinted eyes with thin, slitted pupils; defensive cats tend to have partially or fully dilated pupils. Learn the differences between offensive vs defensive aggression in this detailed post: Cat Body Language: Signs of Aggressive Behaviour in Felines Cats may stare for other reasons, such as observing prey or trying to catch their owner's eye at dinner time. You might want to avert your gaze just in case. I once fostered a kitten with the biggest, most beautiful deep blue eyes I'd ever seen. Unfortunately, they captivated me for a few seconds too long and this tiny baby let out the cutest hiss. She forgave my mistake in no time, but I couldn't help being taken aback at how innate this behaviour was - and from just a few weeks old! Pupils can also be affected by light, medication and pain. Ears Cats can swivel their ears through 180 degrees, one of many features that allow for some of the most superb hearing in the animal kingdom. As a highly visible area of the body, observing the direction and position of the ears can give valuable insight into what cats are feeling. You can use the images below for reference, taking note of any changes you notice in the eyes as well. Relaxed, neutral, alert. Upright and facing forwards - " Just chillin'. " Alert ears will be more erect and directed towards the stimulus. Since cats can move their ears independently, one may be pointed to the side if assessing or unsure. A cat in rest mode will have more relaxed ears that may fall to the sides or backwards. Anxious, frightened, defensive. Ears facing downwards, low and to the sides of the head (airplane ears) - " This makes me nervous ." Cat may feel threatened or preparing to defend itself. Both of my cats get airplane ears when the other enters a room, more so if they haven't been getting along. It's a good indicator of nervousness, so pay attention to the situation and what happens next. Terrified. As a general guide, the degree of flattening can indicate how severe a cat's discomfort is. Unsure or annoyed ears will be slightly back or edging backwards - " I don't like this. " Scared or stressed ears will be turned backwards and flatter - " This is scary ." Terrified ears will be fully flattened so you're unable to see them, giving the appearance of a round head - " Go awaaaaaay! " Cats may pin back their ears during play, when highly excited or aroused. Occasionally, Simba zooms around with what I call a "helmet head" so the situation is an important factor. Related post: Aggression vs Play: How to Tell If Cats Are Playing or Fighting Scared, stressed, aggressive. Flattened and facing backwards or turned out to the sides of the head - " I'm ready to attack! " May be accompanied by hissing or growling as a warning - " Back off! " An offensive cat may have its ears upright and slightly rotated forwards, and posture will help to determine if it's about to charge. You'll notice that some of these ear movements can mean more than one thing. This is because cats that feel threatened will often turn aggressive as a last resort, and a cat that's getting ready to fight will want to protect its ears from teeth and claws. Do not approach an angry cat unless it's to separate one from another; this may prevent the situation from escalating, particularly if it's in combination with a direct stare. Whiskers Whisker movement is subtle, but it can sometimes help to confirm other behaviours if you're unsure. Calm, neutral - straight out to the sides of the face. Confident, curious - pointed forwards or pushed towards the stimulus. Fearful - pulled in close to the face. Tail Most of us know the sight of a confident kitty flouncing around with its tail up like a flagpole, and no one becomes a cat parent without a personal introduction to the rear-end. However, did you know that it's one of the most expressive parts of a cat's anatomy? You can use the images below for reference. Friendly, content. Vertical or raised, may have a hooked end (known as the question mark shape) if kitty is interested or unsure - " Hi, wanna be friends? " Curved down gently and up at the tip - " I'm interested ." Wagging gently - " I'm pleased to see you ." Sometimes quivers when a cat is happy, such as during petting (can also quiver when urine spraying) - " This feels good ." Tail wrapping occurs when a cat approaches its human or animal companions and "hugs" them with its tail. You might have experienced kitty rubbing against your legs as it does this, depositing scent from the glands on the base and along the tail. This beautiful social interaction between cats could be likened to humans holding hands. ' Annoyed, frustrated. Flicking or twitching tip - " You're pee-ing me off. " Cats also flick their tail when they're focused intently on something like a bird in the trees, or struggling to contain their excitement. A slow and steady wag indicates that kitty is unsure of how to respond or trying to make up its mind. Heavier thrashing will help to determine if there's a problem rather than simply concentrating. Anxious, fearful, submissive. Lowered and tucked between the legs or wrapped tightly around the body - " I want to hide ." Low and fluffed out, cat trying to make itself look bigger and stronger - " Don't mess with me! " Cats often sit with their tail curled around their body for comfort and warmth, with a neutral or relaxed posture. Annoyed, aggressive. Lashing or thumping from side to side - " You're testing my patience. " Fluffed out and standing upright - " Now I'm mad! " Straight down and perpendicular to the ground - " I'm ready to attack! " Some tails can be harder to read than others, as I discovered when dealing with aggression between my boys. Simba is more dog than cat, with a tail that's constantly wagging whatever his mood; and Drax is long-haired so you never know whether it's fluffed up or not! Similar to ear positioning, we can assume that the lower a cat's tail, the unhappier it is - but this also depends on the individual cat. Posture While it's impossible to list every single combination of cat postures, body movements and facial expressions, we can summarise the most common ones and their meanings. Relaxed, comfortable. Lying down with a stretched out body, legs fully extended and an exposed stomach. Unlike dogs, a cat showing its tummy doesn't mean it's asking for a belly rub. It's a display of comfort and trust around its human or animal companions. A confident kitty will have loose, fluid body movements and may greet you with a high tail, upright ears and a friendly head bump. Generally, it's easy to distinguish a happy cat from an unhappy cat through vocalisations alone. However, there are many reasons why a cat might be hissing or growling: fear, stress , anger or even pain. Such emotions can present in a similar manner, as represented by the signals and cues shown below. These images from the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals can be used as a valuable reference. Image credit: ASPCA Fearful, anxious, illness, pain. Crouched on all fours with a low, tucked in tail and head pulled into the shoulders. Muscles are tense in preparation to run away. Cat will try to appear small and non-threatening or hide. Image credit: ASPCA Scared, defensive. The classic "Halloween cat" pose with straight legs, an arched back and downwards pointing tail. Cat may stand sideways to present more of its body. This is what's known as a distance increasing signal, where a cat does everything in its power to make itself look big and scary so other cats think twice about approaching. This includes puffing out their coat - or "piloerection" - caused by the involuntary contraction of muscles at the base of the hair follicles. It gives the fur a bristly appearance, particularly down the spine and tail. A cat in this posture may appear aggressive but, actually, it's trying to avoid such an encounter because it lacks the confidence to charge. Image credit: ASPCA Defensive aggression. Cat's body is flat to the ground and rolled to one side to expose its claws. Ears are back with tense facial muscles to display the teeth. Another distance increasing signal, performed when a cat feels that it's unable to escape an unwanted interaction and essentially backed into a corner. This posture has been labelled as the "pariah threat" and denotes a cat that's ready to protect and defend. The term pariah is given to a cat in a social group that's targeted or picked on by other members. Simba adopted this posture after he was under constant attack from his brother and began to stand his ground instead of running away. I can tell you that it stopped Drax in his tracks every time! If you're dealing with inter-cat aggression and are unsure of who the offender is, the pariah threat and Halloween pose are good indicators of a cat that's being bullied. Offensive aggression. Cat faces its opponent straight on or edges towards them with a direct stare and constricted pupils. Its ears will be backwards or slightly forwards and piloerection may occur. Upright stance with rear raised and back sloping downwards with a low head, ready to charge. Stiff tail that will be lowered, lashing or thumping. Unlike defensive aggression, an offensive or dominant cat won't hesitate to attack. It may proceed to stalk, ambush, block or chase another cat. Common vocalisations include growling, yowling or howling. Summary Remember, each cat has its own way of communicating that may not always align with what we know and expect from cats. As described, some will aim to make themselves look bigger and more menacing when threatened; others try to look as small as possible. Simba's tail fluffs up like a bottle brush when he's happy as much as when he's frightened, and Drax prowls around in the offensive posture even when he's not being offensive! Know your cat and pay attention to the situation, the environment and any other animals or humans that are present. Observing all areas of a cat's body in conjunction with facial expressions and vocalisations will enable you to more accurately "read" your cat to understand their feelings and respond quickly to behavioural issues like aggression, as well as potential stressors. Did you find any of these tips useful? Does your cat have its own unique way of communicating? Share your experiences in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. All photos are my own and previously unpublished. I am not being paid to promote any of the products mentioned in this article. Supplement Reviews Go to review ⇨ Go to review ⇨ Calming supplements are often used as a natural, drug-free alternative to medication to help relieve symptoms of stress and anxiety, similar to what you'd find in a health and wellness shop. In cats, this usually manifests as behavioural problems like hiding, overgrooming, excessive vocalisation, urine spraying and aggression . It's important to address any underlying issues in conjunction with medications and/or supplements by getting cats checked over by a vet . In some cases, environmental changes or behaviour modification therapy might be necessary. You shouldn't rely on calming products alone and always discuss your options with a qualified vet. Supplements may be beneficial for cats with mild to moderate anxiety and are available without a prescription. They shouldn't have any undesirable side-effects like drowsiness, but effectiveness varies from cat to cat. Prescription medications like antidepressants and benzodiazepines are used to treat more severe cases of anxiety or aggression, particularly if caused by an underlying medical condition. Where illness isn't a factor, these should only be used on a short-term basis and as a last resort where other treatments/therapies have failed. YuMOVE Calming Care for Adult Cats YuMOVE Calming Care is a supplement that contains a unique combination of natural ingredients. It helps to maintain calming pathways in the brain to support relaxation and promote calmer behaviour in anxious cats. It can be used for stress-inducing events including: Fireworks, thunder and other unexpected noises. Changes to the environment (renovations, moving house, parties, etc). New people, babies or pets. Holidays and travelling. Vet visits. Separation anxiety. YuMOVE is labelled as the UK's No.1 Veterinary Joint Supplement Brand (Kynetec VetTrak, August 2024). Ingredients The scientifically-backed ingredients include: Lemon balm: a popular herb that helps to promote relaxation, soothe stress and encourage calmer behaviour. L-tryptophan: an amino acid found in many proteins which is involved in the production of serotonin, helping to reduce stress. Natural GABA and L-arginine: a combination that helps to maintain calming pathways in the brain and support relaxation. Fish protein hydrolysate: supports a cat's brain, helping calming signals to find the right spot. B vitamins: play an important role in supporting a cat's overall health, including the heart, skin, metabolism, energy and brain function. All ingredients: Each capsule provides: 62.5mg L-Tryptophan, 60mg GABA Fermentate Blend, 50mg L-Arginine, 30mg Fish Protein Hydrolysate, 15mg Lemon Balm, 3.36mg Vitamin B1, 3.2mg Vitamin B6, 3.15mg Niacinamide, 42mcg Folic Acid, 5.3mcg Vitamin B12. COMPOSITION: Product from Lactobacillus species rich in protein (15%), Fish Protein Hydrolysate (9.4%), Lemon Balm Powder (4.7%), Maltodextrin, Phosphate Salts, Yeasts, Salt, Lupin Protein Meal, Magnesium Stearate, Sunflower Oil, Hydrolysed Soy. ADDITIVES (PER KG): L-Tryptophan 1195755mg, L-Arginine 156604mg, Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) 10523mg, Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) 10085mg, Niacinamide 9866mg, Folic Acid 132mg, Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) 16mg. Directions One packet contains 30 capsules. Simply twist and pull the capsule open, then sprinkle and mix with your cat's food. Cats up to 5kg: 1 capsule per day. Cats over 5kg: 2 capsules per day. *Not recommended for cats under 10 months. If your cat suffers from any allergies, you should reach out to the customer care team for advice. Review YuMOVE capsules are easy to use, with a fine powder that mixes easily into wet food. However, it has a rather fishy aroma that's hard to disguise. If you have fussy felines like mine then adding it to food might be a turn off, especially if you sprinkle it over kibble which isn't very appetising for cats. To get around this, I mixed the powder with a drop of water and administered it orally in a syringe. I'd only advise this if your cat is tolerant. As many of you will know, I'm no stranger to calming products following a long-standing case of redirected aggression  between my cats, leaving one traumatised by the other. It didn't put a stop to the fighting but Simba (the victim) was less reactive to Drax's bullying. Visit It's not a perfect solution - nothing is! - but you can see a difference in comparison to when he's not on them, as he's more nervous and hissy around Drax. There was no noticeable change with Drax, but his aggression levels came down naturally over time once the underlying cause had been dealt with. Unfortunately, I can't comment on the effects of this product for other anxiety-related behaviours. For long-term use, it's a more cost-effective option than Zylkene. Customer Feedback Many owners use YuMOVE Calming Care on an ongoing basis for nervous cats and settling rescues. It's said to reduce hiding, overgrooming and territorial aggression. However, it can take a few weeks to see the full effects and some cats refuse to eat it due to the flavour/smell. Some owners claim to have seen no change in their cat's behaviour. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ Amazon reviews. Zylkene Calming Supplements for Cats & Dogs Zylkene (75mg) is a natural calming supplement for cats and small dogs to help them cope with short and prolonged challenging situations: Fireworks, thunder and other loud noises. Changes to the environment (renovations, moving house, parties, etc). New people, babies or pets. Holidays and travelling. Vet visits. Separation anxiety or being left alone. Zylkene is not recommended for aggression as it's designed to help pets cope with fear-based stressors and may not address the root cause of aggression. Labelled as the UK's No. 1 Veterinary Calming Supplement (Kynetec market data, MAT May 2023) the product is widely used and trusted by vets, behaviourists and pet owners. Zylkene is developed by Vetoquinol, a global veterinary pharmaceutical company. Ingredients Zylkene contains the active ingredient, alpha-casozepine, which is derived from a natural milk protein called casein. Alpha-casozepine has clinically proven calming effects, and studies show that it reduces anxiety in the following scenarios: Cats placed in an unfamiliar environment. Fear of strangers. General fear. Fear-related aggression. Zylkene is lactose free. All ingredients: POWDER (77.3%): Maltodextrin, Casein (Trypsin hydrolysed bovine casein), Magnesium stearate. CAPSULE (22.7%): Bovine skin gelatine. Directions One packet contains 20 capsules. You can either open the capsule and sprinkle over food or give it cats whole. Cats up to 5kg:   1 capsule per day. Cats 5kg-10kg:   2 capsules per day. *More options available for dogs over 10kg and up to 60kg. Give Zylkene 1-2 days before the stressful event or when a change in their environment is expected to happen. For long-term use, the company recommends giving one capsule a day for a month and then reassessing behaviour and speaking to a vet, if necessary. Review I'd been using YuMOVE for around a year before I heard about the benefits of alpha-casozepine during a course on feline anxiety. I had come across Zylkene when searching for calming aids, but the price put me off without really looking into it. There's also some confusion around the product itself, as research shows that it reduces fear-based aggression. However, reading through the website's FAQ section, it states the following: " Aggression can be a sign of stress in animals, however Zylkene is not recommended in aggressive animals, and we would therefore not advise its use. Our best advice would be to speak to your veterinary practice and a qualified clinical animal behaviourist regarding your pet. " Understandably, it might be the company covering themselves in the event that aggression stems from dominance. Offensive aggression can present quite differently to defensive aggression, and cats can quickly go from confident to cocky! Related post: Cat Body Language: Signs of Aggressive Behaviour in Felines Nevertheless, I thought it'd be beneficial to see if Zylkene helped with Simba's fear of his brother. Even with Drax having reverted to his placid self, Simba remains cautious and it leads to occasional misunderstandings. This could be something as simple as clashing in a doorway, which Simba believes is a surprise attack and reacts by hissing. Whether it escalates depends on how pissed off Drax gets, but I'd rather it didn't happen at all! I also use pheromone diffusers to keep the boys as relaxed as possible - a calmer environment usually means a calmer kitty! I have to say that during the first week on Zylkene, there was a noticeable improvement to Simba's confidence - and he loves the taste. I continued to use a syringe and water because it's what he's used to, and he'd happily lap up every single drop. Although I was pleased with this improvement, the "misunderstandings" continued to happen, though no more or less than usual. Simba is such a nervy cat that it can be difficult to pinpoint the trigger. I bought a month's supply to give them plenty of time to kick in, but since there hasn't been a dramatic change in his anxiety levels - particularly around Drax - then I can't justify the expense for such minimal results. Zylkene works out at double the price of YuMOVE (per capsule) which isn't ideal for long-term use, especially when your kitty is over 5kg and requires 2 per day! Customer Feedback A lot of feedback concurs with scientific research, with cats showing reduced fear towards people and, more rarely, other animals. Most owners use Zylkene to help during stressful situations like travelling, holidays, moving house and fireworks . Some find that it makes their cats less nervous and more playful. Naturally, Zylkene doesn't work on all cats but the biggest sticking point seems to be the price. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 4,000+ Amazon reviews. Summary It's clear that YuMOVE and Zylkene work in different ways but, for the most part, show similar results. Based on all of the points discussed, and factoring in the cost, I'd recommend YuMOVE for either short or long-term use for most stress-related behaviours and changes. Zylkene may be more suitable for short-term stress and fear-related behaviours. If you find it difficult to give cats supplements or they won't eat it mixed into their food, calming treats may be a more suitable option. Chronic anxiety is rare in cats, and many issues can be resolved with behavioural training therapy or making simple changes to a cat's environment to reduce the stressor. Providing enough resources for the number of cats you have is essential, and this post contains some useful tips: Where to Put a Cat's Food and Water Bowls, Litter Tray, Bedding and Other Essential Resources If you're interested in my journey or find that you're in a similar situation, you can read more about it here . You can also check out reviews of the best pheromone diffusers for cats and top recommended calming sprays . Information accurate from February 2026 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Have you had any success with YuMOVE Calming Care or Zylkene? Share your experiences in the comments to help out other cat parents.

Are you new to cat parenting ? Whether you're expecting a new addition, bringing another cat into a single-cat household or want to minimise stress in existing residents, a safe and comfortable environment is what all owners should be striving for. Cats are known for their territorial natures, and rather than treating it like a problem, we should accept them for the highly intelligent and perfectly developed species that they are. It all starts with viewing the world through the eyes and behaviours of your kitty companion. Let's explore some key resources and their ideal placement in your home. This guide covers everything from litter trays to scratch posts to ensure a cosy, cat-friendly environment. Essential Resources for Cats: Beds Food and Water Bowls Litter Trays Scratch Posts Cat Trees Hiding Places Beds Quiet Rooms While many cats enjoy sharing a bed with their human guardians, it's a good idea to provide a variety of sleeping areas, especially in multi-cat homes. Spare rooms, studies or anywhere they can retreat for some peace and quiet will greatly improve their sleep quality - as we know, cats love their naps! Baskets, cushions, blankets or something as simple as a pile of old clothes gives them plenty of options when beds are occupied by other cats. Related post: 10 Best Types of Cat Beds Shop Pet Furniture → Elevated Surfaces An elevated area such as the top of a wardrobe, drawers or cat tree offers both privacy and a good vantage point, as cats feel safe when they can observe their surroundings. Make sure it's accessible by placing a chair or other item of furniture next to it, especially for older cats that find it difficult to climb. Away from Doors and Windows Doors are heavy traffic areas that come with a lot of noise, and windows are the perfect opportunity for surprise encounters with outdoor cats or passing dogs. Beds should be in a safe, secure space away from distractions. Food and Water Bowls Quiet Rooms or Areas A lot of owners put food and water bowls in the kitchen because it's convenient, but that doesn't mean it's convenient for your cat. Kitchens are high-traffic areas with potentially multiple people coming and going to collect food, drinks and snacks; washing dishes, laundry and other tasks. This can result in cats running away and leaving their food or, conversely, scoffing it as quickly as possible. A dining area is better, or other less used rooms with space for a food and water station. Providing multiple bowls and/or fountains in different areas allows cats to access them at all times and prevents squabbling if one is being used by another cat. Related post: Stainless Steel Cat Water Fountain Reviews (Tried and Tested) Some experts recommend that cats in multi-cat households are fed in separate areas that are out of sight from each other. The exception being when cats are being introduced for the first time or going through the separation and reintroduction process. Visit Not Overlooked Cats don't like being overlooked by other animals or people, so you should avoid placing food and water stations in the centre of a room or near doors and windows. Cats Protection  advise placing them slightly away from the wall with enough space for cats to sit in between, allowing them to keep an eye on their surroundings from all angles. Elevated Surfaces Raised surfaces are a good idea if children are in the house to keep little fingers out of bowls, and it allows cats to eat undisturbed. It also prevents greedy cats from stealing other cats' food - if they're on the fatter side then they might not be willing to climb. Shop smart fountains and automatic feeders → Away from Litter Trays As obvious as it sounds, keep food and water away from litter trays - or at the very least, across the other side of a room. No one wants to eat where they poop, and you don't want your cat ingesting any stray litter. Separate Food and Water Bowls Cats tend to prefer having their food and water bowls in separate locations, since they'd typically hunt away from water sources in the wild.   Litter Trays Privacy As with food and water stations, cats need to be able to see what's going on around them, and toileting is when they're most vulnerable. Litter trays should be in a private, accessible place away from doors, windows and busy traffic areas. Bathrooms Conveniently, bathrooms are the perfect location and most hygienic for everyone - animal and human. They're quiet, private and secluded from eating and sleeping areas. Upstairs landings are also a popular spot, but this won't be possible in every home. It's only natural to want to tuck litter trays out of sight - no one wants them stinking out their living room, and this isn't an ideal place for cats either. However, in small apartments where space is limited, it may be the best place. You should consider putting the interests of your kitty before your own. Multiple litter trays placed around the home reduces stress and accidents, as well as territorial behaviour between resident cats. Scratch Posts Doors, Windows and Cat Flaps Cats have scent glands   between the pads of their paws, which they use when scratching as a form of territorial marking. Wild cats would scratch trees for the same purpose, as well as leaving visual markings to warn off intruding parties. Providing scratching opportunities at entry and exit points may help to prevent territorial behaviours like urine spraying   or aggression   towards other household cats. Remember, aggression isn't always physical: blocking, staring and ambushing are just a few intimidation tactics that cats use to protect and defend their turf. Visit Beds and Sleeping Areas Cats like to stretch their limbs and sharpen their claws when they wake up from a nap. Placing a scratch post or mat nearby sleeping areas may prevent them from doing it elsewhere! Related post: Cardboard and Sisal Cat Scratcher Reviews (Tried and Tested) Cat Trees Favourite Areas The great thing about cat trees is that they double up as beds and hiding places, hence why they're an essential piece of kitty furniture. You can place them in your cat's favourite resting or play areas to encourage use, as long as there's enough space; and away from human traffic like doorways and halls. Make use of corners that are a bit more private, especially in living rooms so they can interact with and observe the family while having their own designated safe place. Windows While it's generally not advised to place sleeping areas near windows, cat trees offer a great vantage point which enhances safety and security. Most cats love observing the outdoors and it's particularly stimulating for house cats. If you have strays or other four-legged visitors in the area that upset your resident furries, an upstairs window means they're less likely to come face to face. Hiding Places Elevated Surfaces The wildcat uses height to escape predators and keep a lookout for threats and food, which you can replicate at home with things like floor-to-ceiling cat trees, shelves and wardrobes. As always, make sure areas are accessible and easy to climb. Dark Spaces Underbed spaces, cupboards and wardrobes make great hidey-holes around the home. Make sure any doors are left open so cats can get in and out without being trapped. Private Rooms Unused or quiet rooms away from noisy areas of the house helps to reduce fear and stress by allowing cats to retreat and escape other cats. Summary The best locations for a cat's resources can vary depending on who you ask, and while there are certainly "good" and "bad" places, it also comes down to personal preference - and I'm not talking about yours! If kitty seems happy with the way things are, or you've had the same layout for years without any problems, then switching them around can do more harm than good. My boy, Simba, was most upset when I tried moving his food bowl out of the living room - the noisiest area of the house - to the less used dining room. The guidelines in this article mainly apply to new cats or those that have started displaying behaviours that are out of character. One of the first solutions you can try is modifying their environment by moving resources to a more suitable area of the home. For example, if your cat starts toileting in areas other than the litter tray and a vet has ruled out illness, it's most likely a stress-related problem. Likewise, if cats are fighting over or around food stations then you should reconsider placement and whether there's enough space around the bowls so cats never have to turn their back on a potential threat. Related post: Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats It's important to observe your kitty, as well as its behaviour around other kitties, in order to minimise stress and insecurity that could lead to deeper behavioural issues. And remember the golden rule: one resource per household cat, plus one extra (two cats = three litter trays and so on). Spreading resources around the home can help to satisfy a cat's natural desire to explore, as well as increasing exercise. Resources go way beyond eating, sleeping and toileting; they also need plenty of enrichment and stimulation, including toys and play . Do you follow any of the guidelines above? Share your home layout in the comments!

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. We’ve all heard of dog groomers or "doggie salons" where owners take their loyal companions for a good old pamper session, but what about cats? A quick internet search shows that feline groomers are few and far between, and for most kitty parents, it's not hard to see why. Some people wouldn't approach their cat with a comb wearing anything less than a full suit of armour, and even experienced groomers have to take special measures - although perhaps not as extreme as this! An experienced hand, an understanding of feline behaviour and how to minimise stress are good starting points; but a lot of it rests on the personality and temperament of any individual cat. For most parents, including myself, taking cats to a vet clinic is stressful enough. Travelling, strangers, loud noises and unfamiliar smells are capable of turning a pamper session into a horror show; therefore, getting your cat used to being groomed at home can be greatly beneficial. In this article: Do I Need to Groom My Cat? What Type of Brush Should I Use? How to Brush Your Cat How Long Should I Spend Grooming My Cat? How to Groom a Kitten How Do I Know If My Cat Is Uncomfortable? More Clipping and Bathing Summary Do I Need to Groom My Cat? Perhaps another reason why cat salons are less popular is because they're considered to be self-groomers. In fact, cats spend between 2-5 hours grooming themselves every single day. Cats have tiny, hook-like structures on the surface of their tongue called papillae, which is what gives it that rough texture. The papillae act like a comb to catch loose hairs and debris, such as dead skin and dust that contributes to matting and tangling. Grooming also stimulates the production of sebum by the sebaceous glands, and licking spreads it over their coat to lubricate and protect. Aside from hygiene maintenance, other benefits of grooming include: Bonding time with your cat. Spotting skin problems like dandruff, allergies, infections and parasites. Monitor overall health, since poor coat can be a result of other illnesses and disease. Minimise hairballs and vomiting. Stimulate natural oils to reduce dandruff. Less stray hairs floating around the house. Cats will get rid of most loose fur themselves, but giving them a helping hand reduces the amount of hair swallowed. Some cats suffer with hairballs more than others, and you can get specially formulated food with added fibre to move it through the digestive tract. Therefore, regular grooming could save you a lot of money in the long-run. Hairballs are more common amongst indoor cats that are less active than their outdoor counterparts and spend more time on self-grooming. Their flexibility allows them to reach most areas of their body, but there are some instances where they need extra help. Cats that are sick or infirm may be unable to clean themselves. Seniors with less flexibility and stiff, aching joints. Long-haired cats with matting (knots) that get very tight and pull on the skin if left unchecked, causing pain and discomfort. Shedding/moulting season. Visit What Type of Brush Should I Use? Much like humans, grooming isn't quite as simple as "one brush suits all". There are a variety of options for different hair types and functions, and selecting the right one can make the task as quick and painless as possible - for both you and your cat! Slicker Brushes Slicker brushes come in different styles but generally have a wide head with lots of short, fine metal bristles that are densely packed together. These are a popular choice for kitties with medium to long hair to remove loose fur and work out tangles and matting. Slickers can be used on any cat, but the bristles come a little sharp if they don't have protective balls or caps on the end. This may be uncomfortable for short-haired or sensitive cats. Pin Brushes Pin brushes are similar to slickers but with longer, pin-like bristles that are more spaced apart and usually have small balls on the end. These are better for sensitive skin and finishing touches by stimulating the secretion of natural oils. Some recommend pin brushes for short or medium coats, while others use them for penetrating deeper under the fur of long-haired cats where slickers might not reach, helping to avoid those tangles. They're commonly used on poodles with thick curly coats, so you should consider texture as well as length. Bristle Brushes A bristle brush is similar to a human brush and works well on any coat, as long as you choose the right style for your cat. Short, soft and tightly-packed bristles should be enough for the short-haired kitty. For longer hair, you'll need longer bristles that are spaced further apart so they can glide through the coat. They're not great for de-matting, but you can still use them to achieve a silky smooth finish. As bristle brushes are softer than metal or plastic, they tend to be more tolerated and have a nice massaging effect. Double-Sided Brushes Dual brushes offer the best of both worlds with bristles on one side and pins on the other, saving a few pennies in the meantime. They're especially useful for long-haired cats, as you can use the pin brush to detangle and the bristle brush to smooth. Silicone Brushes Silicone or rubber brushes, often referred to as massagers, come in different forms for the grooming-averse kitty. From wall-mounted attachments that cats can rub against at their own leisure, to wearable gloves that you can pop on and pet your cat as normal. The large rubber bristles are soft and flexible and will collect loose hair that you can shake off into the bin. This is a great choice for beginners, especially if cats have sensitive skin or are prone to shedding. However, it won't get through tangles and matting. Once you begin grooming, you might find that you need a different brush for different areas. My long-haired moggie, Drax, has a big bushy beard that does well with a slicker brush; but it barely gets through the longer fur on his stomach that's prone to knotting. All it does is pull and he responds by running away - this is where combs come in handy. Grooming Comb A standard metal comb with same-length pins that helps with untangling knots. Large, spaced out teeth are best for long-haired cats; while combs with teeth that are close together work nicely on short-haired cats. My domestic shorthair, Simba, actually prefers a comb to a brush, even though it takes a little longer due to the thickness of his coat. Drax won't tolerate most cat combs, so instead I use a plastic hair comb which is less harsh on his skin. It's not the best tool in the world but better than nothing! De-Shedder These might look scary, but they're designed to cut through thick fur and undercoats by getting rid of loose hair and matting without damaging the topcoat. Furminator de-shedders have a blade that doesn't touch the skin, which are commonly used on breeds like Maine Coons and Ragdolls. Since de-shedders thin out the fur, you can risk damaging it if used incorrectly. Professional groomers advise de-shedding no more than once a week, and only on coats that require it or during shedding season. Personally, I find these useful for thinning the hair on the back of Drax's legs and around the rear end. Anyone with a long-haired kitty will understand when I say these areas can get rather messy, which isn't pleasant for anyone! Grooming Rakes As the name suggests, these are shaped like mini rakes and feature metal teeth that remove deeper layers of loose hair and undercoat, similar to a de-shedder. Standard rakes may have a combination of long/wide and short/narrow teeth to preserve the topcoat. You can also get rakes for short-haired cats with heavy shedding. Undercoat rakes are a little more aggressive with sharp, curved, hook-shaped teeth that are gentle on the skin while scooping up loose or matted hair. Some have a wide side for de-matting and a dense side for de-shedding afterwards. Groomers recommend using a rake to loosen hair before running over with a slicker or bristle brush. Again, they should be used with caution and not all cats will tolerate them. If it pulls the fur, you can try using a standard comb instead. You should have a good understanding of your cat's coat type or consult a professional groomer for advice. Flea Comb Flea combs have short, narrow teeth that are close together to catch parasites, eggs and faeces. Even if your cat hasn't been scratching like a maniac, it's always good to run a comb through their fur just in case. Areas where fleas like to congregate include the head and neck, followed by the lower back and stomach. You can speak to your vet if parasites are present or purchase a spot-on treatment like Frontline . How to Brush Your Cat The process for brushing cats depends on whether they're short-haired or long-haired, but there are some general tips for getting cats used to being groomed. As always, a gradual introduction is best. Choose a time when your cat is relaxed or has already started to interact with you, just as you would during petting. If a cat is in play mode then its brush will look more like a toy! Allow them to sniff the brush and rub their faces on it to deposit their scent , marking it as a familiar object. Start with areas that your cat is comfortable being touched like the head and cheeks, and gently stroke them with the brush. If you hold it out then kitty might start rubbing themselves against it, allowing them to feel in control of the process. Once your cat is happy, stroke the brush between their shoulder blades and down the back. Tummies, legs and tails are sensitive areas, but it's not usually necessary for shorthairs. Finish the session with a reward, although you can offer treats periodically throughout to build positive associations with the grooming experience. Remember, treats are most effective when given in response to things cats don't like. If there's a particular area of the body they don't enjoy being brushed, you should reward them for tolerating it - not for running away or tempting them back. Blue Cross recommends the following techniques. Short-Haired Cats Gently massage your cat's fur at the base to loosen deeper layers of hair. Run a bristle brush (or slicker) through their coat in the direction of the hair growth, moving down the body from head to tail with long strokes. Finish with a silicone brush or glove to collect the remaining hair, using the same long strokes. Long-Haired Cats   If it's easier and your cat is tolerant, you can separate the hair into sections to make it easier to work with. Run through their coat using a wide-toothed comb in the direction of hair growth, moving down the body from head to tail with long strokes. Slicker or pin brushes can be used, but a comb will penetrate deeper under the stomach and armpits where hair tends to be longer. If you come across any knots, make sure to tease them apart gently so as not to pull the skin - you can use your fingers to help work them out from root to tip. Finish with a silicone brush or glove to collect the remaining hair using the same long strokes. As mentioned, most cats don't enjoy their tummies being brushed. For our fluffier felines, this can result in getting the electric clippers out. Shaving off tangles is likely to be more stressful than grooming, so you want to avoid it wherever possible. Clamping cats down will create negative associations and they'll flee whenever they see a brush in your hand. If possible, wait until your cat is lying down with its belly exposed and brush in short bouts until it's decided that it's had enough. If brushing a cat while it's standing, you can place a hand in front of their chest to stop them from wandering off. If they start to struggle or show signs of irritation, it's best to leave them be and try again later. How Long Should I Spend Grooming My Cat? This depends on how willing or compliant your cat is, but short, regular sessions have less chance of overstimulation or annoyance. Also remember that cats groom themselves thoroughly on a daily basis. If you feel that they need a little extra help, you can build up to longer sessions. One groom per week for shorthairs is sufficient to keep their coats in good condition, although Simba will take any opportunity! Long-haired cats may need grooming on a daily basis, which is unfortunate given that Drax is less partial to a comb than his brother; although this may be due to more vigorous grooming sessions. The better you can care for your cat's coat, the less time you'll have to spend on it per day - which is perfect for awkward kitties. How to Groom a Kitten The earlier you train your cat to be groomed as part of its normal routine, the more tolerant it'll be in the long-run. If you have a cat that's just given birth, it's best to wait until kittens are at least two weeks old before handling them. This is around the time they start grooming themselves, and a nursing mother may not appreciate her babies being touched. According to experts, the socialisation stage of a cat's development is between 2-7 weeks old. This window of time is crucial for getting kittens used to human contact, which grooming can facilitate. Shop pet supplies → Battersea Dogs & Cats Home advise using a soft toothbrush to begin with, progressing to larger brushes as they get older and more comfortable. Since kittens have shorter, softer and fluffier coats, they don't require a lot of maintenance. As always, exposure to handling and grooming should start gradually to help build a positive experience, where kitty knows it's free to move away once it's had enough without being grabbed or restrained. How Do I Know If My Cat Is Uncomfortable? Cats show subtle but common behaviours when they're unhappy, and it's a good idea to familiarise yourself with them so you can stop before kitty decides to strike - and thus end on a positive note. Similar to petting aggression , some of the warning signs include: A swishing tail or flicking end. Ears pointing backwards or flattened to the head. Twitching skin, particularly on the back. Stiff or rigid posture. Dilated pupils. Side-eyeing the hand holding the brush. Low growling. If your cat shrieks then it's more likely that you've tugged on a knot, which can get bigger the longer you leave them. Often, the best course of action is to quickly snip them off with scissors or use an electric shaver. Sometimes sedation by a vet is necessary. If your cat shows any of these signs, take note of what you're doing and which area of the body you're focusing on. That way, you can avoid it or be more careful in the future. Related post: Cat Body Language: Signs of Aggressive Behaviour in Felines It's important to note that cats have special receptors in their skin that make them ultra-sensitive to touch. Just like their other senses, these receptors send information to the brain about their environment, temperature, pain and other factors that are essential to their survival. Along with their paper-thin skin, hair follicle receptors are highly sensitive, which is why cats are easily overstimulated. Basically, the receptors tell cats when something feels good but can fail to shut down properly, so it goes from feeling good to uncomfortable and eventually painful. Finally, there's no harm in a few spritzes of calming spray prior to the session for extra zen. Clipping and Bathing Clipping hair isn't usually necessary unless fur is tangled, and it should be done with scissors or clippers designed for cats. Bathing should also be avoided and can worsen matting but, having a long-haired kitty of my own, sometimes it's necessary for hygiene reasons! Sphynx cats are the exception, and their sensitive skin needs washing once a week or every few weeks to keep it healthy and bacteria free. Since they lack a fluffy coat, they have oily skin that's prone to acne and blackheads. Vets may recommend bathing with a special shampoo if a cat has fleas or other skin conditions. Pet Remedy Calming Spray provides a natural way of tackling stress and anxiety in cats, dogs and other small animals. It contains a blend of valerian and essential oils and can be sprayed on bedding, blankets and carriers prior to a vet visit. Summary Make sure cats are in a relaxed state before grooming and, if necessary, use a calming aid like sprays, diffusers or herbal treats. Choose the correct type of brush for your cat. Stick to short, regular grooming sessions: once a week for short-haired cats and daily for long-haired. Start grooming kittens once they reach two weeks old, but no more than once a week. Be aware of warning signs that your cat is annoyed or unhappy. Reward cats after the session or when working on uncomfortable areas. If cats struggle or run away, stop grooming and resume later. If clipping or bathing is unavoidable, only use products designed for cats. Recommended Products Aumuca Cat Brush with Release Button Doodle Brush Metal Grooming Comb Thunderpaws De-Shedding Tool Maxpower Planet De-Matting Rake CeleMoon Silicone Cat Brush Do you have any grooming tips or furrtastic brushes of your own to share? Let us know in the comments if this article helped.

In this article: Pet Food Companies Commercial Cat Food vs Natural Food Recalls Prescription Diets Summary Pet Food Companies Imagine the pet care aisle at your local supermarket, the shelves stacked with eye-catching cans, sachets, boxes and bags of kibble. At first glance, the unlimited choice can be overwhelming and it's hard to know where to begin if you're a new parent. Let's take a closer look.... Some of these brands might sound familiar: Whiskas, Sheba, Royal Canin, Cesar and IAMS. Did you know that they're all owned by the same company - Mars Petcare? Yes, I am talking about the same Mars that brings us the chocolatey likes of Maltesers, Milky Way, Galaxy and others. Here are some more brands that you'll probably have heard of: Felix, Go-Cat, Gourmet and Purina. These fall under Nestlé Purina Petcare, the same guys that bring you your morning coffee. As of 2012, Purina had a 23.1% share of the global pet food market; while its largest competitor, Mars, had a 23.4% share. That's almost half of the pet food market swallowed up by two companies. To really put into perspective the scope of these businesses, Mars and Nestlé are amongst the ten companies that control almost every large food and beverage brand in the world! (Source: Wikipedia ) I'm not here to bash commercial cat foods - well, not entirely - as they've allowed me and millions of others to keep cats in our homes for over a hundred years, not to mention those rescued by shelters. It's also fair to say that the quality of some brands is better than others, and we're seeing a lot more natural and grain-free options on the shelves. However, it's often the case that grains are replaced with vegetables which, in theory, doesn't make them any better. The problem is that while times have moved on, the quality of food has deteriorated - both human and animal - largely due to modern processing methods and factory farming. In order to keep pet food shelf-stable, it's heated to extreme temperatures numerous times, causing the destruction of vital nutrients - not to mention the overload of additives and preservatives. Shop Premium Cat Food → Get 20% off your first order over £20 Code: CATMUMJOURNAL20 Fortunately, people are more informed than they were a decade ago, and with some major pet food recalls during that time, it's sparked a new wave of fresh food for cats and dogs. What perhaps began as a fad has proven popular with owners, who report major improvements to their pet's overall health. Many are starting to make the transition to fresh food, which consists of high-content meat recipes that can be served raw or gently steamed. However, there remains a lot of confusion about what is and isn't the best diet for our feline fur babies. Related post: Fresh Raw and Cooked Cat Food: Tailor-Made Nutrition Sent to Your Door! Commercial Cat Food vs Natural Food Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they need meat to survive. Typically, a wild cat's diet from natural prey would consist of 55% protein, 43-44% fat and 1-2% carbohydrates. Why is it, then, that the minimum guideline for protein set by the European Pet Food Industry Federation  is a measly 26%? Added to this, most standard pet foods don't specify which parts of an animal they contain, with terms such as "meat derivatives" or "animal by-products" commonly used on packaging labels. I've seen actual meat contents as low as 4% - which begs the question, what's the rest made up of? By-Products By-products are simply the leftover bits from human food production and can either be named or unnamed. Pet food manufacturers will happily rave about their "chicken liver" by-products, which are highly nutritious for cats; but they're less forthcoming about the cost-saving chicken heads and feet. It's like the difference between a pink juicy breast out of your fridge and a bag of frozen chicken nuggets. The European Pet Food Industry (FEDIAF) is the trade body that represents the pet food industry in Europe - yes, Mars PetCare and Nestlé Purina Petcare have their fingers in this pie, too, as company members. Manufacturers in the UK are often legally required to follow the FEDIAF's guidelines and code of practices to ensure materials meet the high safety and quality criteria, as well as providing all of the nutrients our pets need. It clearly states that " members must use by-products of the human food industry that come from animals slaughtered under veterinary supervision ". This includes beef, lamb, poultry, pork, fish, rabbit and game. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is the USA equivalent to the FEDIAF, with a few differences. The AAFCO requires that all ingredients used in pet food must be safe and suitable for consumption - the "clean" parts of "slaughtered" animals. So, does this mean we can disregard reports of pet food manufacturers using roadkill; restaurant and supermarket refuse; unwanted cats and dogs from animal shelters; dying or diseased farm and zoo animals; and worst of all, euthanised pets from veterinary clinics? Recalls Evanger's In February 2017, a US pet food company, Evanger's, recalled five dog products after traces of pentobarbital - a drug used by veterinarians to euthanise cats and dogs - was found in the food. A total of four Pugs were affected, one of whom sadly died. Related article from AlterNet: There Could Be Dead Dogs and Cats in Your Pet's Food While the source of the contamination remains "unknown", Evanger's blamed their meat supplier and subsequently cut ties. The Food and Drug administration (FDA) investigated but no legal action was taken because, technically, no laws were broken. In fact, the FDA published this article which implies that small amounts of pentobarbital in pet food is no big deal: Report on the Risk from Pentobarbital in Dog Food How is that possible when our pets are protected by the AAFCO and FEDIAF? Because, pet mums and dads, the regulations put in place to ensure your pet's food is safe to eat, free of contaminants and truthfully labelled aren't legally binding! It turns out that there are a lot of loopholes that manufacturers can use to get around these rules, which you can read more about here: Pet Food Regulations Don’t Protect Dogs ( or cats! ). The FDA did state, however, that the meat from Evanger's supplier didn't bear an inspection mark from the United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service, and so wouldn't be considered human-grade - despite Evanger's claiming otherwise. Upon further inspection of two of Evanger's production facilities, the FDA reported several issues including mould and condensation dripping into open cans of meat; and no refrigeration storage for raw meat. This wasn't the first time the pet food manufacturer had been pulled up for unsanitary conditions. According to reports , problems began as early as 2006 when local residents complained of unpleasant odours emanating from one of the company's facilities. A health inspector is said to have observed open containers of chicken as well as flies, maggots and refuse. Later in 2011, testing found that a lamb and rice mix contained beef rather than lamb; and a duck-based product had no duck at all. I'd like to say that the February 2017 pentobarbital case was a wake-up call for Evanger's; however, in that very same month, horse DNA was discovered in tested samples of their Hunk of Beef canned dog food. Could this explain exactly how pentobarbital seems to be working its way into pet food? From Gizmodo : “ For pentobarbital, or any barbiturate, to get into pet food it means that animal products are being included that do not come from carcasses that entered USDA-inspected slaughterhouses. The carcasses must have been killed using barbiturates (or possibly treated with barbiturates shortly before being killed). This would be most common for ‘pet’ animals, particularly horses. There are renderers that will pick up dead animals from farms and basically cook them down to make new products. It’s a way of recycling, albeit a somewhat distasteful one .” Problems aren't limited to the quality of food either. The owners of Evanger's were arrested twice between 2010 and 2013 due to accusations of utility theft and bribery! The list of disgraces from this company is an endless one, but you don't have to take my word for it. The lawsuit is available online for all to see: Village of Wheeling v. Evangers' Dog & Cat Food Co., 2012 Unfortunately, this is only one pet food company that has been named and shamed out of hundreds more. In fact, the drug pentobarbital has been found in over 27 brands of pet food. Manufacturers, suppliers and regulatory bodies are failing our pets and the animals that are being slaughtered to feed them. Here in the UK, we may have some rigorous safety laws in place, but that doesn't prevent the importation of low-grade meat and/or food products from overseas manufacturers. The use of genetically modified crops, for example, is prohibited by many nations - yet they still allow GMO animal feed to be imported. Visit Fold Hill Foods In June 2021, a number of cat food products sold by Sainsbury's, Pets at Home and Amazon were recalled following an outbreak of pancytopenia , a severe reduction in major types of blood cells that affected over 500 cats. More recent research is thought to have linked this to high concentrations of mycotoxins, produced by certain moulds that grow on animal feed or the grains that are used to produce it. The Food Standards Agency was unable to confirm a link between the outbreak and Fold Hill Foods, but investigations are "ongoing". AVA Pets at Home recalled four specific products of their own range of dry cat food, AVA, after three cats became ill, although more reports began circulating. Clinicians at the Royal Veterinary College in London suspect the cats became ill as a result of thiamine deficiency (a B1 vitamin). This can cause seizures, twitching, imbalance and nausea in cats. If you're seeking more proof of negligence, here's some detective work that will turn your stomach. Viewer discretion advised! Watch on YouTube: What's REALLY In Your Pet's FOOD?? Fillers Aside from dodgy meat and mysterious by-products, pet food is almost always bulked out with carbohydrates in the form of grains, cereals, vegetables and corn - also known as fillers. This is particularly the case with dry food (kibble) and can make up almost half of the formula. Some research suggests that cats are able to metabolise certain types of carbohydrates, if processed correctly, to an efficiency of 90-100% in most cases. It's further stated that an upper limit of 50% calories from carbohydrates in a healthy cat's diet is acceptable. Related post: Cats and Carbohydrates: Is Dry Food Bad for Cats As a society, we rely on science for almost everything - which means we're inclined to believe it. What if the people behind this research are the very people who are selling you the less than nutritious slop on the shelves of your local supermarket? Mars Veterinary Health is composed of pet healthcare services and provider networks. The Companion Fund, to which they've invested hundreds of millions of dollars, focuses on pet technology and pet care. What does this mean? Simply, the companies providing our cats with sub-par foods are the same companies that formulate extortionate "prescription diets" to treat health conditions that have been caused or exacerbated by those sub-par foods. Moreover, Mars owns the largest chain of veterinary clinics and hospitals, making it easier than ever to recommend their own products. If you thought recalls stopped at meat, you may want to check out this Midwestern Pet Foods recall that affected five brands of cat and dog food products. Food was believed to be contaminated with fatal levels of aflatoxin mould, which forms on corn, grains and legumes. It can cause serious illness or death. Prescription Diets Also called specialist diets, these are especially formulated for cats with health conditions and contain a slightly different balance of nutrients to standard foods. They're used as a support or treatment for digestive problems, urinary health, food sensitivities, kidney care, diabetes and many others. Hill's, Purina and Royal Canin are leading brands in the UK for prescription diets - two of which we've already covered. Dr Michael W Fox, BVetMed, PhD and DSc Animal Doctor, gives an eye-opening glimpse into the subject here: Pet Food and Feeding Issues The article relays an account from feline specialist veterinarian, Fern B Slack: " The pet food industry currently owns a substantial portion of the veterinary industry worldwide.... Veterinary hospitals are not profitable. Prescription diets are .... If a pet food company manufactures a specific brand of prescription diet AND owns a veterinary hospital cooperation, they can control which prescription diets are sold or recommended ." As for the poor quality food ingredients: " The pet food industry, because of its extreme profitability, has a huge incentive to justify the use of such ingredients and the financial means to do so, through a frightening number of channels ." Some of these channels include: advertising, sponsorships and discounts to companies, vets and breeders that use their products. Vets don't have much in-depth training when it comes to nutrition and are heavily influenced (even trained!) by the pet food industry. As mentioned previously, pet food companies can afford to support nutritional research. This means they can control the questions that are asked and filter the answers that are allowed to be published to both the public and veterinary world. Feline specialist veterinarian, Fern B Slack, continues: " A number of veterinary researchers who were developing data that would support the concept of a prey-model diet have, in the past few years, begun to receive funding from pet food (companies) . Some subsequently stopped work on prey-model diets, and some began to promote a nutritional approach exactly opposite to the one they had been developing ." " Since my hospital opened 5 years ago, and began teaching people to feed prey-model diets, our experience has been amazing. We do not have a single diabetic patient in the practice. Very few overweight cats. Minimal gut disease ." " Vets seem to remain blind to the ethical failings of the pet food industry for the simple reason that nearly all hospitals sell food. This creates a significant income stream, which is a direct conflict of interest. A much larger and much more insidious conflict of interest is created when the very foods sold by vets create disease states that bring the pets back into the hospital for more diagnoses and treatments ." It's important to recognise that my aim isn't to turn anyone off feeding their cats a diet that was prescribed to them. I would never encourage anyone to go against the advice of a vet - although you have every right to raise your concerns - nor am I suggesting that prescription diets are no good. What they are, it seems, is a solution to a problem that (in many cases) could just as easily be solved - if not avoided completely - by a more species-appropriate diet than the one that's shoved in our faces through TV, the media and supermarkets. I can use my own experience as a perfect example of this. Wild Freedom Freeze-Dried Cat Snacks made from 100% animal protein. Choice of flavours include Chicken Heart, Beef Liver and Lamb Lung. Completely natural with no additives. Drax transitioned to a urinary diet a little over a year ago after the vet found that he had crystals in his pee. Dry food is the biggest culprit, as cats require high amounts of moisture in their diet. Dehydration causes a build-up of waste materials in the bladder, which can ultimately turn into stones that require surgical removal. Other contributing factors include changes to the pH of urine, obesity and stress; but it wasn't until completing my Diploma in Feline Nutrition that I learned about another potential cause. Drax loves fish, in fact it's the only fresh food that he'll entertain (in moderation). At the top of his favourite meals list is the Seriously Good Fish a la Carte in Jelly range from Pets at Home. Apart from the jelly, this stuff looked and smelled like human-grade fish, but the quality wasn't the problem. Crystals, also called struvite stones, are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, tuna and sardines are high in magnesium and phosphorous - precisely what I'd been feeding Drax. Whole grains are also high in these minerals, which are used as fillers in a lot of pet foods. Dr Michael W Fox highlights some of these issues in his article on GMO Pet Food Ingredients : " Corn can cause cystitis - bladder inflammation - in cats, even epilepsy in dogs; and soy causes gas and indigestion in many dogs and cats.... The high cereal content in pet foods contributes to dogs and cats developing stones or calculi in their lower urinary tracts." Another type of bladder stone found in cats are calcium oxalate stones. While struvites can often be dissolved by prescription diets, calcium oxalates need to be surgically removed. These are usually seen in cats with high blood and urine calcium levels, and chronic kidney disease. They can also develop in urine that's highly acidic - which is concerning, given that urinary food is formulated to lower pH levels in order to dissolve struvites.... Could this be why cases of calcium oxalate stones in cats have risen from 10% to 40% in recent years? Even more concerning, if you look at the majority of urinary diets, every brand uses salmon as a main ingredient. Another issue for cats with bladder stones is excess calcium. The bones in fish are small and soften when cooked, which is why you might spot a few mixed into fish-based cat foods. Fish is also a common allergen and has a high risk of bacterial and environmental contamination. Of course, the ultimate goal isn't to remove every trace of these minerals from a cat's diet as they have many important functions. The focus should be on providing a nutritionally balanced, high-quality diet and only using supplements for the purpose they're intended, rather than a substitute for the loss of vitamins and minerals during processing. I can't think of a single reason why prescription diets should be as expensive as they are. You're not paying for better quality, you're paying for the same bog-standard food with adjusted nutrient contents and the word "prescription" slapped on the packaging to make it seem more justifiable. This is merely an example of how prescription diets work and, more importantly, how they might be avoided. There are many other health conditions that can be triggered by a poor diet, particularly gut-related issues such as inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease. More on this topic can be found in an article by Dr Lisa Pierson: Prescription/Therapeutic Diets To summarise, prescription diets can be lifesaving for cats with chronic illnesses or disease. It's not always possible to reverse or treat conditions by feeding natural food alone, as much as I wish that was the case. Animals, just like humans, can become sick for any number of reasons: age, genetics, abnormalities and pure bad luck. If your cat has an underlying health condition - like crystals - then you should only consider changing their diet under the guidance of a vet, who can monitor their health to check they're not deteriorating. I'd also advise working with a veterinary nutritionist, if possible, to get the perfect balance of nutrients for your individual kitty. Just because someone tells you that a particular condition is "common" amongst cats, or any animal, doesn't mean to say it's "normal". Visit Summary If all of this has left you with the urge to empty your cupboards and throw every last sachet, can or bag of kibble into the bin, it's probably the best thing you can do for your cat. The biggest issue for most is budget, particularly in the current climate. Depending on kitty's stubbornness levels - an issue I can relate to - transitioning to new food can be expensive as well as time-consuming. Here are a few pointers to get you started: First and foremost, no more kibble for kitty! Try swapping out the carb-loaded junk with a quality wet food. Research different brands on their websites. Keep up to date with recalls from the FSA (UK) or FDA (US). "Premium" is just a label - check instead for "human grade". Ensure animal protein is the first ingredient listed. Only choose products with named meat/by-products (e.g., beef, chicken liver). Minimum (ideally zero) fillers such as wheat, corn, soy and gluten. What's your take on commercial pet food for cats and dogs? Have you made the transition to a fresh diet? Share your stories and experiences in the comments!

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. In this article: What Are Cat Pheromones? How Are Pheromones Detected ? Types of Pheromones Pheromones and Aggression Pheromone Products What Are Cat Pheromones? Pheromones are chemical signals or "scent messages" that cats use to communicate with their environment and other cats or individuals, even when they're no longer around. They're released from various glands around their bodies, including the face and paws; as well as being excreted through urine and poop. Only cats are able to produce and detect feline pheromones. Although odourless, pheromones are most commonly used for scent marking, whereby cats rub their faces on objects around the home to enhance familiarity and safety. This helps with identification so they can easily recognise other animals or people - and more importantly, whether they're friendly or not! Different pheromones have different purposes and impacts on feline behaviour, which will be covered in more depth further on. They contain information about a cat's age, sex, health, reproductive status and other things. How Are Pheromones Detected? Since pheromones are odourless, cats have a specialised organ for detecting them, called the vomeronasal organ (VNO). This is located in the roof of the mouth where it connects to the nasal cavity via two ducts and, finally, the brain to "decode" the information. In simple terms, the function of the vomeronasal organ, sometimes referred to as the Jacobson's organ, is to taste scents. So, how does it work? Visit If you've ever seen your cat sniffing with its mouth open, which looks something like a grimace, it's performing what's known as the Flehmen response. This is when a cat curls or retracts its upper lip and pushes its tongue up to the roof of its mouth - what it's actually doing is flicking the scent molecules up into the ducts. While cells in the nose detect smells, chemoreceptors in the VNO perceive chemicals - specifically, pheromones. I've had many cats over the years, but I first became aware of the Flehmen response when my current boy, Simba, started "sniffing" everything his brother sat on. This is nothing unusual for our butt-obsessed felines, but the grimace was new to me - and pretty comical. Types of Pheromones Feline Facial Pheromones (FFP) The facial glands are located: Behind the ears on the outer flaps (pinna). The area between the eyes and ears where fur is sparse (temples). On the cheeks. Around the lips or lip margins (perioral). Under the chin (submandibular). As mentioned, the glands produce what are known as "calming pheromones" that cats deposit to mark stuff as theirs, and they contain many different chemicals. Next time you catch kitty rubbing its lips on the kitchen utensils - I'm looking at YOU, Simba - know that it's feeling very happy and relaxed. Another marking behaviour you might have seen is bunting, which occurs when a cat presses or bumps its face against something - or someone, including other cats and humans. This is a gesture of acceptance and a form of social bonding. Bunting can also be a way to grab our attention, so next time you're headbutted on the back of the legs, it's possible that kitty is asking to be petted or thinks it's dinner time. Perhaps this explains why cats prefer to be stroked around the facial area, since it's where many important scent glands lie. If you have multiple cats, you've probably seen them rubbing heads to greet each other. This is usually followed by presenting the anus and taking it in turns to have a good whiff. Many mornings, I've been woken by Simba doing his best Michael Jackson impression by moonwalking onto my face - which is less than ideal for me but, for cats, the butt contains a wealth of information. This is a huge sign of trust, as cats are putting themselves in a very vulnerable position by turning their backs. Cats also have glands on their tongues so they can transfer their scent when licking each other. This behaviour is called allogrooming and occurs in all social animals, from monkeys to humans. It allows cats to establish a communal scent and bond with other colony members (or housemates!). Some of the chemicals found in feline facial pheromones have been artificially replicated to formulate calming products, namely plug-in diffusers and sprays. These are used by veterinary professionals and owners to help reduce problem behaviours linked to stress and anxiety. If you're familiar with this site then you'll have seen many articles based around these products, but here's a brief recap. Scientists have identified five specific pheromones in the lip, cheek and chin sebaceous secretions, known as F1-F5. F1: Unknown function. F2: Released by males as a form of sexual marking. This allows cats to be more effective at securing a mate. F3: Associated with territorial behaviour or the "object rubbing" we spoke about previously that makes cats feel happy and secure, thus reducing anxiety. F4: Released through rubbing onto other cats in social settings (and in some cases, humans). Marking familiar individuals means there's less chance of conflict erupting. F5: Unknown function. (Source: Wikipedia ) Feliway Optimum Plug-In Diffuser contains a new pheromone complex for enhanced serenity. It helps to solve common signs of stress including spraying, scratching, fear and conflict. Recommended by vets and behaviourists. F3 was the first pheromone to be synthetically reproduced and has proven to be effective in reducing most stress-related behaviours. These include urine spraying , scratching and meowing during short car journeys - making it a good option for those dreaded vet visits . Using Feliway as an example, studies show that the brand's original diffuser (Feliway Classic) helped to reduce urine marking in 9 out of 10 cats after four weeks. The Feliway Optimum diffuser boasts a new pheromone complex, with users reporting improvements in scratching, urine spraying, conflict, fear, hiding and stress associated with new situations. F4 has also been replicated and is sometimes used to introduce new additions to households. This helps to maintain harmony by essentially tricking cats into thinking a newcomer is someone they've met previously - sneaky! Other Glands Around the Body Base of the tail and along the tail (supracaudal). Around the anus. Area surrounding the teats (mammary). Between the pads of the paws (interdigital). Feline Appeasing Pheromone (CAP) Also known as the mother or cat appeasing pheromone, these are released by a queen after giving birth. Cats don't have to learn what pheromones are, they're born with the response. In fact, pheromones are first released to establish the mother and kitten bond. Remember, cats are born with their eyes closed so rely on other forms of identification and communication methods, including pheromones released by their mother. The feline appeasing pheromone is secreted in the glands around a queen's teats during lactation and has several functions: making kittens feel happy and secure, maintaining harmony within the litter and aiding identification in case kittens are separated. The CAP pheromone has been replicated for use in commercial calming products in the same way as F3 and aims to reduce tension and conflict between cats living in the same household. Feliway Friends (also known as Multicat) is the brand's third type of diffuser that targets behaviours such as blocking, chasing, stalking and staring. Feliway Friends and Optimum are only available in diffuser forms, whereas Classic has both a diffuser and spray version. Related post: 6 Best Cat Calming Sprays Feliway Friends Plug-In Diffuser mimics the pheromones that a mother cat releases to her kittens to help reduce tension and conflict in multi-cat households. Urine Urine contains a pheromone known as MMB which contributes to its distinctive odour. This is so cats can mark their territory and alert other cats of their presence, particularly intact males or females in heat. Spraying is more common in outdoor settings but may be observed within the home. This can be problematic for owners and often indicates that a cat is stressed. Anus Cats, and many other mammals, have two anal sacs that are located either side of the butthole just inside the sphincter. The anal glands fill these sacs with fluid which is released as an oily substance when they poop. This can be used to mark territorial boundaries in a behaviour called middening, where cats deliberately poop outside of the litterbox without burying it. It's similar to urine spraying but not as common and mostly seen in outdoor cats. The main purpose of anal pheromones goes back to the butt sniffing that all cats are known for. The anal glands produce a scent that's unique to the individual cat. This is used to identify one another and communicate information such as age, health and mood. Be careful, as fluid from the anal sacs can be ejected when cats are frightened or stressed and is described as having a pungent, fishy aroma. Cats can also develop complications if the anal glands don't empty properly, which over time can lead to swelling, abscesses and infection. In some cases, they may need expressing by a vet. Paws Cats have interdigital glands between the pads of their paws so they can deposit pheromones when they scratch . Similar to those found in urine, they're used as a form of territory marking. This is why scratch posts and mats are essential resources within the home. Wild cats use trees for the same purpose, as well as leaving visual markings to alert other cats. Related post: Cardboard and Sisal Cat Scratcher Reviews (Tried and Tested) Tail The supracaudal gland is located at the base of the tail on the upper surface and is involved in scent marking, attracting mates and social signalling. There's also a behaviour that cats engage in known as tail wrapping, which is used for bonding and scent swapping. You might think of tail wrapping like a handshake that humans use to greet each other. There's a popular video floating around the internet that captures two cats, one blind, running around the streets with their tails linked together. The non-blind cat, having taken on the role of escort, never leaves its buddy's side and ensures the path ahead is clear at all times. A heart-warming gesture that humans could learn a lot from! Beaphar CatComfort Excellence Calming Diffuser contains a copy of the feline facial pheromone to help reduce stress-related behaviours, and the maternal appeasing pheromone to promote bonding and harmony in multi-cat households. Scientific research shows that pheromones have a role in this friendly interaction. If your kitty decides to hug you with its tail, this is a super cute gesture of affection. Stud tail is a condition that causes greasiness, blackheads, hair loss and crusty or inflamed skin due to increased secretion of the supracaudal gland. It's most common in unneutered males but can occur in all cats. Pheromones and Aggression We know that pheromones impact social behaviour, and one study found a link between inflammation of the vomeronasal organ and aggression . This involved a necropsy of 20 cats, and those that had inflammation of the sensory epithelium (smell-detecting tissue) of the VNO were more likely to be aggressive towards other cats - but not humans. This fits in with the theory that pheromones are specific to feline-feline communication. Since behaviours like urine spraying and scratching are used to mark territorial boundaries, it seems that pheromones play a crucial role in avoiding unpleasant encounters and confrontation with other cats. Feliway Classic Spray contains pheromones that help to reduce common signs of stress. Can be used during major changes including renovations, travel and vet visits. Available in 20ml or 60ml bottles that are suitable for use at home or on the go. Those that live in colonies, which is common amongst feral or stray cats , are known to mark each other, as well as marking over each other's scents to keep non-colony cats away. This isn't a desire for companionship - as we know, cats are solitary by nature - but somewhat comparable to being in a lion pride. Colonies are typically found in towns and cities where prey is sparse, and many rely on humans for food or otherwise scavage human trash. These resources serve as gathering points for colony members, but that doesn't mean conflict won't erupt. It's more about survival, and cats know when they're onto something good! Back to the study, this evidence doesn't imply that all cats with aggressive tendencies have an inflamed VNO; but it's interesting as far as my own experiences with inter-cat aggression go, which you can read about here for more background. Simba's sniffing (Flehmen response) increased during and after a prolonged spell of redirected aggression , where he was under constant attack from his brother, Drax. This caused so much damage to their relationship that it was many months before Simba was ready to forgive - although I'm not convinced he'll ever truly forget! Related post: 3 Reasons Why Your Bonded Cats Are Fighting I noticed that his "sniffing" was most prominent around the litter trays and, thanks to this funny little grimace, I was able to put my research hat on in order to comprehend exactly what was occurring. I can only surmise that he was overly sensitive to the pheromones in Drax's pee - as urine marking is typically territorial behaviour - it might have added to the stress he was already experiencing. In actual fact, with his big hobbit feet, Drax had a habit of collecting damp litter and trampling it around the house. Based on this, I took the initiative to disinfect the floors with a pet-safe cleaner. To my amazement, the sniffing stopped and the change in Simba's behaviour was instant. For the first time in months, the boys were hanging out and playing like old times. There was still a lot of work to do, but it was a huge leap forwards. The point to note is that by observing one simple behaviour, I was able to gain a deeper understanding of what Simba was doing, why he might be doing it and, most importantly, how to solve it. If my story helps just one stressed out kitty then it's a story worth telling! Related post: Feline Aggression: How to Stop Cats Fighting and Attacking Other Cats Comfort Zone Plug-In Pheromone Diffuser for single or multi-cat homes. Creates a calm, relaxing environment to help reduce stress and other problem behaviours, as well as tension and fighting between household cats. Pheromone Products As discussed, there are a range of pheromone products on the market including diffusers, sprays and collars. As well as targeting stress-related behaviours, they're commonly used in the short-term when making changes to a cat's environment; or during frightening events where their security might be compromised. Renovations, moving house, travel, fireworks and thunder are less than ideal situations for our feline friends. It's important to remember that pheromone therapy isn't a cure. Choosing the type of pheromone that's best suited to the behaviour you want to eliminate is a good start, but it may not be the right solution for all cats. You should always seek veterinary advice if cats are acting out of character, as stress-related behaviours - including aggression - can be a symptom of underlying health conditions. Pheromones are most effective when used as part of a treatment plan, which might include working alongside a behaviourist; medication or environmental changes. Related post: Best Cat Calming Plug-in Pheromone Diffusers (Tried and Tested) Aside from pheromone diffusers and sprays, you can use your own cat's scent to boost comfort and happiness. To do this, rub a soft cloth over kitty's cheeks to collect their pheromones and then rub the cloth on objects around the home that they'd mark naturally: the corners of furniture, sofas, table and chair legs, etc. If your cat isn't impressed with having a cloth waved in its face, try offering it for inspection to see if they scent it themselves (most will be happy to!). You can use the reference image above to locate other facial glands and let kitty think you're petting it. For example, rubbing the cloth over its temples or under the chin where they enjoy being touched. If the cloth is really offensive - and believe me, it'd send my two wimps running from the room - then you could wear a glove so kitty doesn't know any better. You should mark objects a couple of times a day. Mentioned Products Feliway Classic 30 Day Starter Kit Comfort Zone Cat Calming Pheromone Collar Have you tried any pheromone products that you think are worth sharing? Help out fellow cat parents by listing them in the comments.

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. All photos are my own and previously unpublished. I am not being paid to promote any of the products mentioned in this article. Two years ago, my home was turned into a house of horror when my young sibling cats started fighting out of the blue. Having never dealt with   inter-cat aggression before, it was a major learning curve as to what the domestic cat actually needs in order to live a full and enriched life. Many cats find the home setting to be extremely stress-inducing due to their solitary nature in the wild, particularly indoor cats . Pet food and supply companies are constantly evolving to meet the complex requirements of modern kitties, as well as offering them all of the luxuries they deserve. Who'd have thought pet sofas would be a thing one day? Related post: Signs of Stress in Cats, Causes and Treatment As someone who's grown up with cats, it's easy to see how standards have not only risen but excelled over the years. When I was little, all I remember is Whiskas cat food and clay litter. Cat trees weren't invented until the late 60's ( I'm not that old) but they were still somewhat of a luxury growing up, and nowhere near as elaborate as they are now. Trees are an essential piece of feline furniture, not only for sleeping but to provide climbing and scratching opportunities; however, they can also take up a lot of room. In the UK, our living spaces tend to be.... compact, shall we say. As mentioned, there are so many options to choose from: wall-mounted shelves, window hammocks and floor-to-ceiling trees are ideal for making use of vertical space in smaller areas or apartments. If you're looking for something less cumbersome to fit in your living room without causing an eclipse (I know the feeling!) then smaller stands or perches can be tucked in corners; next to your sofa; under your desk or anywhere kitties like to hang out. They're also great for adding different levels for all ages and activity levels. Shop Pet Furniture → When one of my boys started using every nook and cranny to stalk and ambush the other, I had to get creative and make a lot of changes to the home. Hundreds of pounds and an equal amount of grey hairs later, peace has been restored - and it was worth every penny. That's not to say you need to spend a fortune on cat furniture, most will be happy with a cardboard box and your dad's armchair. Mine were some unique circumstances that left me pretty desperate for a solution. Giving cats more territory to claim as their own can help to make them feel at home, and I came across some great buys that I wanted to share. Related post: 10 Best Types of Cat Beds Small Cat Trees, Stands and Towers: PawHut Small Cat Stand with Bed Purple and Blue Kitten Tower with Ladder PawHut Cat Scratching Post with Bed PawHut Small Cat Tree PETEPELA Self-Groomer Cat Tree PawHut Multi-Level Cat Tree with Condo PawHut Cat Tower with Condo PawHut Climbing Tower with Steps Yaheetech Cat Tower with Platform PawHut Small Cat Stand with Bed This PawHut Cat Stand stood out to me due to the large bed, which is roomy enough to fit my 5kg and 6.5kg boys without them being squashed. I don't consider my cats as being particularly big, but a lot of cat tree perches and condos are ridiculously small for the average adult cat. The bed isn't cushioned but it's covered with 100% polyester velvet - warm for winter nights and cool for the summer. The large base is made from solid particle board, with double jute scratch posts to prevent it from toppling over. Bed size: 44cm x 34cm The product description states that the stand is suitable for cats under 5kg, but it could easily hold some of the larger breeds; as well as being low for seniors. It features two hanging pompoms and is available in white or grey. Overall dimensions: 42cm (h) x 48cm (w) x 38cm (d) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 200+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Sturdy. ✓ Medium and large cats. ✓ Available in white or grey. Purple and Blue Kitten Tower with Ladder Okay, I admit it - this Kitten Tower was too cute not to buy! Although the ladder was a tad ridiculous for my adult cats so I never attached it, but I've added a reference image below. Cuteness aside, the flower-shaped bed is a good size considering it's made for young kittens. Proudly modelled by Drax at just under 5kg, sporting a battle scar on his nose from a scrap with his brother - and a rather untamed winter beard. I should have given it a comb but the photo opportunity was too good to miss. Bed size: 31.5cm x 31.5cm I was initially concerned that the stand's delicate build and narrow scratch post would leave it looking like the Leaning Tower of Pisa, but Drax has spent many evenings curled up on it and enjoys using the scratcher, too. I wouldn't usually recommend it for adult cats, but it's an ample size for growing kittens as well as those learning to climb. The stand is covered by mohair plush fabric which doesn't shed, and it has a curved ladder for helping little claws to grip. A popular choice that sells out fast, so grab it as and when you can! Overall dimensions: 48.5cm (h) x 39.5cm (w) x 39.5cm (d) ✓   Small cats and kittens. ✓ 4-step climbing ladder. ✓   Jingly ball. PawHut Cat Scratching Post with Bed A simple PawHut design featuring a scratch post made from jute rope, and a large round bed with a soft plush interior. Small and compact, this is tucked away in the living room's bay window and just the right height for people watching. It's a decent size for small to medium cats to curl up in, but the high sides are a little restrictive. The stand is recommended for cats weighing up to 4kg, which is about right as far as space goes. Drax doesn't mind squashing up inside the bed, even if he does resemble a Russian hat; but Simba (6.5kg) hasn't even made the attempt! Bed size: 35cm x 35cm Overall, this high-quality stand is neat and contemporary with a sturdy structure, solid base and hanging pompom. It's available in beige, grey or white. Overall dimensions: 49cm (h) x 40cm (w) x 40cm (d) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 300+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Small and medium cats. ✓ Space saving. ✓ Stylish. PawHut Small Cat Tree An interesting design featuring two resting spots: a cute paw-shaped platform and lower bed for multiple cats to share. The stand is covered in soft plush with a sisal scratching post and hanging pompom. This is the smallest cat tree reviewed from PawHut and, though it claims to support cats up to 5kg, even Drax struggles to perch on the top; while Simba makes the whole thing wobble. I initially got it for the base as my cats like dens, so my plan was to drape a blanket over the perch. While this isn't as stable as I'd hoped, it takes up hardly any space and is best for kittens or small cats. Overall dimensions: 44cm (h) x 41cm (w) x 41cm (d) Bed size: 32cm x 31cm ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 20+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Small cats and kittens. ✓   2 resting spots. ✓   Cute design. PETEPELA Self-Groomer Cat Tree With double posts and a heavy particle board base, this compact little activity centre from PETEPELA is sturdier than it looks. Featuring a sisal scratching post and scratch mat; grooming arch; hanging pompom and ball on a spring. The top bed isn't huge and is described as being suitable for small to medium cats, but it must be comfy because Simba loves it. Even better, the cushion is removeable for easy washing. Bed size: 44cm x 35cm This is a cool, multi-functional product that can be used for playing, grooming, scratching and sleeping. The downside.... it's usually out of stock! There is an alternative version without the grooming arch: PETEPELA Cat Scratching Post with Plush Perch Overall dimensions: 50cm (h) x 40cm (w) x 50cm (d) ✓ Small and medium cats. ✓ Toys and massager. ✓   Removable cover. Visit PawHut Mult-Level Cat Tree with Condo The PawHut Multi-Level Cat Tree comes with a padded top bed; plush condo and perch; sisal scratch posts; hanging pompom and massager for added enrichment . As you can see, not only am I a fan of PawHut , but I chose a few of these stands because they were the right height for window gazing - and this one fits multiple criteria. It's small and compact enough to fit behind a TV unit, while having a roomy condo and bed that both of my boys can fit in snugly, despite being recommended for cats under 4.5kg. They actually had a scrap on this when Drax snuck into the living room during a separation period, and it didn't budge with a combined 11.5kg hanging off the sides. Bed size: 42cm x 34cm; Condo: 39cm x 29cm Needless to say, this combines quality and sturdiness with climbing ability for seniors and growing kittens. The only negative is that assembly was tricky, but a little blasphemy never hurt anyone - least of all the cats! Overall diameter: 85 (h) x 48cm (w) x 48cm (d). ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 800+ Amazon reviews. ✓   Small and medium cats. ✓   Multiple climbing levels. ✓   Spacious condo. PawHut Cat Tower with Condo This PawHut 3-tier cat tower is quite a bit higher than the others at 96cm and features a large bottom condo with a removable cover, so you can change the style or open it out if preferred. The sisal scratch post is somewhat of a beast at 16cm in diameter and can withstand a lot of damage from the sharpest of kitty claws. The middle "perch" is hardly big enough for a kitten to sit on. My cats use it as a step to climb onto the top bed, which is more than generous in size. Even Simba can stretch out without hanging over the edges, which ticks a major box as he loves his comfort. Bed size: 42cm x 36cm; Condo: 45cm x 40cm I bought this cat tower for the height and single seater to give Simba a safe space away from Drax, and it's perfect for gazing out of taller windows. Now they're friends again, they take it in turns to stalk the pigeons on the roof. The particle board frame adds to the sturdiness of its structure, making it difficult to topple over when jumping on and off. The maximum weight guideline is 4.5kg but this is ideal for larger cats in my opinion. Overall dimensions: 96cm (h) x 45cm (w) x 40cm (d) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 100+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Medium and large cats. ✓   Thick sisal scratching post. ✓   Condo with removable cover. PawHut Climbing Tower with Steps Always the tester - or poser, whichever fits - Drax loves being king of the castle. I originally bought the PawHut Climbing Tower for Simba to use as a quick escape during Drax's unprovoked attacks but, in typical kitty fashion, he did the opposite of what I wanted and completely ignored it. It worked out well in the end because Drax will plant his backside on anything and as long as he was out of the way, these unpleasant encounters became less and less. Bed size: 30cm x 30cm The different levels or steps help to keep cats active, as well as benefiting seniors that can't jump onto high platforms and kittens learning to explore. The steps are covered in plush fabric with sisal scratch mats for easy gripping and sharpening claws. At the very top is a cosy lounging spot, although it's rather small even for Drax. Yet, somehow, he always manages to squeeze into the tiniest of spaces - there's a reason he's nicknamed "Mr Slinky". This climbing tower is available in beige or grey to suit your decor. Overall dimensions: 100cm (h) x 50cm (w) x 50cm (d) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 800+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Small and medium cats. ✓   Climbing steps. ✓   Scratch mats. Yaheetech Cat Tower with Platform Described as having an adequate size and compact design, this Yaheetech Cat Tower comes with a single top perch, spacious bottom platform and cat condo - although I'd call it more of a kitten condo, which is why I never attached it. For growing kittens, this offers several cosy lounge spots. The construction is designed to be solid but lightweight, supported by 3 sisal scratching posts and a large rectangular base. The top perch is way too small for an adult cat to curl up on, perhaps with the exception of Drax who'll happily sleep with his arms and legs hanging over the edges. The middle platform - and the reason I bought it - is huge and bears up to 12kg, which is the equivalent to a couple of large cats or one monster cat. That being said, I often sit on it while petting the boys, which adds another 52kg of human weight and it hasn't collapsed yet! Perch: 29cm x 29cm; Platform: 70cm x 34.5cm The condo hangs down from the large platform and is easy to take off without affecting the structure when kittens grow too big for it. The base is covered in plush fabric so it still allows for a third resting area, or you can make your own den by draping a sheet over the platform like I did. This is a great space-saving tree for cats of various ages and sizes, but due to being a lightweight model, if you have excitable cats then it'll likely fall over. For some reason, Simba decided to claw half of the fabric off the top perch so I wouldn't rate it for longevity - but that's cats all over! Overall dimensions: 90cm (h) x 70cm (w) x 34.5cm (d) ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 200+ Amazon reviews. ✓ Most sized cats and kittens. ✓   Extra large platform. ✓   Compact. Information accurate from January 2026 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Do you have any of these little cat trees at home or something similar? Share your buys and inspo for other pet parents.

Choosing the purrfect name for your kitty is an exciting and joyful experience, but it's not always the easiest task. Names are an important part of a cat's identity and often hold deep meaning to parents, even if it's a favourite drink - cue Miss Cosmo with her "sparkling" personality. If you've been scratching your head or short of inspiration, this article has you covered. From pawpular trends to the quirky and unique, you'll find names associated with food, nature, gemstones, mythology, movies, superheros and more! For the purpose of ease, names are gendered with "m", "f" or "u" in cases of unisex or gender-neutral names, although this can vary across different cultures. While some of these names are based on cat characters, they work for any pet. Popular, Quirky and Unique Cat Names Most Popular Food Plants & Flowers Gemstones Astrology Nature More Gods & Goddesses Royalty Movie Cats Superheros/Villains Gaming Fantasy Spooky Most Popular We're kicking it off with some of the most popular cat names from 2024, as taken from Rover's database of over one million pets. Rover is the largest network of 5-star pet sitters and dog walkers across 10 countries, so they're guaranteed to bring you the biggest trends of the new year. Luna (f) - This won the most popular female cat and dog name in 2022 and remains a firm favourite for 2025. Cats have long been associated with the moon and are regarded as guardians of the night, perhaps due to their ability to see in darkness and move stealthily amongst the shadows. Bella (f) - Will the Twilight craze ever die off? Given the nature of vampires, we'll likely be waiting an eternity. It also means "beautiful" in various languages. Kitty (f) - An 18th century nickname for Katherine, Kathleen and similar names. When it comes to cats, this is one name that suits all! Cleo (f) - Short for Cleopatra, it's not hard to make the connection given the important role of cats in Ancient Egypt . Oliver (m) - As the winner of top male cat name in 2022, this remains a stylish choice for our four-legged boys in many countries, with famous namesakes and fictional characters. Loki (m) -  Fun, playful names are becoming more desirable amongst kitty parents, and what better inspo than the god of mischief himself? Simba  (m)   - I have a mini king of the jungle myself but, given that I parent two of the biggest wimps alive, I'd have been better naming him after Stuart Little. Sometimes we don't know what our kittens will grow into! Leo  (m)   - As the zodiac sign represented by the lion, this is another fitting name for a kitty king. Milo  (m)  - A popular name for cats and dogs over the last decade, this is linked to meanings such as "soldier" and "merciful" - as is the protective and loving nature of our (often misunderstood) domestic cats. Willow (u)   -  From nature enthusiasts to fans of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and epic fantasy films, one thing for certain is the magical connotations of this name. Food Candy (f)   - Traditionally used as a nickname, this is associated with sweetness and fun and puts the "me" in meow . Honey (f)   - Not only a term of great affection but a sweet, syrupy nectar with many health benefits. For the warm-coloured kitties that warm our human hearts. Biscuit (u) - They don't always show it, but our sweet-natured felines come in many shapes and sizes. For your tabbies, gingers and tortoiseshells, this is too yummy to resist. Cookie  (u)   - Often used as a term of warmth and endearment, with a few chocolate chips thrown in for extra sweetness. Visit Pumpkin  (u) - Adorable - and just a little mysterious - for ginger cats, October babies and lovers of the spooky season. Pickles  (u) - This is another name that continues to grow in popularity. Why? It's fun and playful with a paw print of humour. Coco (u)   - Adapted from the cocoa bean, this is warm and indulgent for your deep chocolate browns and blacks. It's also heavily influenced by the French fashion designer, Coco Chanel. Marshmallow (u) - Soft, sweet and fluffy, just like our feline fur babies. Plants & Flowers Fern (f)   - An Old English word that refers to someone living amongst the ferns. This was common in the late 19th century and regained popularity amongst celebrities for the four-legged trend setters. Daisy (f)   -  This has been rising in popularity for baby girls over the last few decades and is ranked amongst the top 100 names in various countries. Meaning "day's eye" or "sunburst" due to the petals opening to expose a yellow centre, it's a pretty name for a pretty pussy cat. Clover (f)   - Four leaves, four legs! Ancient Egyptians believed that cats brought good luck and fortune, while the clover is associated with luck in Ireland. Could your kitty be your lucky charm? Poppy (f)   - An Old English name derived from the poppy flower, one of the most symbolic flowers in history that represents peace, sleep and death. This has been amongst the top 25 names for girls in England and Wales and is becoming increasingly popular in other countries. Shop Pet Furniture → Meadow (f)   -   A vast grassy area or field that often contains wildflowers, perfect for the free-spirited kitty with a wild side. This has risen in popularity in the USA, inspired by various TV shows and celebrities. Sylvester (m)   - The majestic Sylvester Date Palm is one of the most popular palm trees in the world and has been grown in gardens and landscapes for centuries. Not to neglect the famous Looney Tunes character of the same name, this is fitting for any tuxedo kitty! Basil (m)   -   A name with multiple meanings including "king", "royal" and "brave". It's predominantly of Greek origin and has been used by saints, emperors and fictional characters alike. It's also a popular cooking herb. Sage (u) - A common herb in cuisine and holistic medicine. Sage has powerful cleansing properties and is used as a ritual object in spiritual sage smudging. Gemstones Amethyst (f)   - A popular gemstone with purple hues that resonate with the third eye chakra, a portal to dreams and visions. Perfect for tapping into the psychic nature of our feline friends. Ruby (f)   - For tiny hearts filled with bundles of love, ruby is the deep red stone of passion, protection and prosperity. Diamond (f)   - The colour of ice and the hardest natural substance, diamond represents strength, resilience and purity. Diamonds really are a girl's best friend! Sapphire (f) - One for the blue-eyed fur babies, this stone encompasses beauty, wisdom and power. In the ancient world, sapphire was worn as a protective talisman across many different cultures. Jasper (m) - A versatile gemstone with many varieties. Properties range from grounding and stabilising to uplifting and rejuvenating, perfect for the chilled out kitty cat. Flint (m) - A mineral that's been used since the Stone Age to make tools, weapons and ignite fire. In spiritual terms, it's believed to support spiritual awakenings by connecting earth and fire energies to bring forth transformation. It also supports strength and resilience. Onyx (u)   - A jet black stone for jet black kitties, this is most commonly used for protection, grounding and focus. Smokey (u)   - The brown hues of smokey quartz represent the connection to Mother Earth, helping to neutralise negative energy. This brings a little mystique to the deep browns and greys, to the darkest black cats. Astrology Celeste (f)   - A soft, quaint name meaning "heavenly" or "of the sky" for the astronomy buffs amongst you. Star (f)  - For cool kitties that love to shine in the spotlight. In many cultures, stars are symbolic of hope, guidance and strength. Astrid (f)  - A popular name of Norse origin associated with stars and the cosmos. It means a combination of "god" and "beauty". Sparkle (f)   - Meaning to "shine brightly" this is cute, tiny and spontaneous - someone bring me a kitten! Visit Aurora   (f) - Known as the northern lights (aurora borealis), a natural display of dynamic patterns of light that appear in the sky. Aurora is also the goddess of dawn in Roman mythology. Orion (m) - Combining astrology with mythology, Orion was a giant huntsman whom Zeus placed amongst the stars as the constellation of Orion. Draco (m) - This isn't only the Latin word for dragon, but a constellation in the far northern sky that consists of a nebula called.... wait for it.... the Cat Eye Nebula! Phoenix (u) - Phoenix is a minor constellation in the southern sky, named after the mythical bird. The Phoenix is associated with the element of fire which embodies passion, energy and transformation. Nature Autumn (f) - The season of harvest, warm and earthy, conjures visions of deep orange leaves for the ginger furries. Ranked in the top 100 girl's names in the USA since the late 90's. Summer (f) - The warmest season of the year for the cheerful, fun-loving social butterflies of the cat world. The temperature has been steadily rising for this name over the last few years. Snowball (u)   - Cute and playful for fluffy whites, winter babies and the plumper pussy cats. Cloud (u)   - The floating shapes in the sky evoke feelings of lightness, beauty and calm - with a little bit of mystery due to their ever-changing forms. Perfect for soft whites to cool greys and the big fluffies. Stormy (u) - Isn't it a cat's prerogative to bring a little drama into the room? Storms whip up a sense of power and intensity, and fans of the X-Men series might recall the superhero of the same name! Sunny (u)   - For your little ray of sunshine and the bright, bubbly personalities that light up rooms, bringing a smile to every face. Ocean   (u)   -  In Greek mythology, the god Okeanós, from where the name originates, was believed to be a divine river that surrounded the earth. The name resonates with mystery, depth and adventure. Skye (u) - With Gaelic, Norse and English origins, one thing they all have in common is a sense of freedom. A serene name with divine and heavenly associations. Gods & Goddesses Bastet (f)   - The Ancient Egyptian goddess was worshipped as a fierce lioness-headed deity before her form changed to a cat. She was associated with the home, fertility, protector of pregnant women and a ward against evil spirits. Sekhmet (f)   - Sister to Bastet and a lioness goddess, warrior and protector of the sun god, Ra. Freyja (f) - The Norse goddess of love, beauty and fertility was often depicted riding a chariot pulled by two large cats that possessed the ability to travel over great distances and become invisible. Sounds like cat behaviour to me! Shop smart fountains and automatic feeders → Apollo (m) - One of the Olympian deities in Greek and Roman mythology, as well as the name of the NASA program that first landed man on the moon. A powerful name for a bold and adventurous kitty! Thor (m) - The Norse god of thunder who wields a hammer - you've seen the movies. A strong name for strapping chappies, and pretty comical for a kitten. Titan (m) - A name derived from Greek mythology that refers to the Titans, a race of powerful immortals that ruled the world before the Olympian gods. If ever there was a species born to rule, it has to be our feline friends! Royalty Dutchess  (f)  - A title given to the wife of a duke, and also the name of the spoiled cat and main antagonist in the 1995 film, Babe . Princess (f) - From Disney to real-life rulers, this is a symbol of elegance and beauty. Some princesses wear tiaras and sparkly dresses, others come with whiskers and fur! Queenie (f) - Derived from "queen", this is literally a pet name or term of affection - it was even used as a nickname for Queen Victoria, herself. Also a fitting tribute to the late Queen Elizabeth II. Augustus (m) - A Latin name meaning "great" or "significant", and none other than the founder of the Roman Empire. This is a proud name for a proud pussy cat. Arthur (m)   - A popular name due to the legendary hero, King Arthur of Britain, who defeated the Saxon invasion in the 16th century. Louis (m)   - Pronounced Loui and meaning "famous warrior" in French, it's no surprise that this name was borne by sixteen kings of France up to the French Revolution. Prince Louis of Wales is currently fourth in the line of succession to the British throne. Movie Cats Nala (f) - Meaning "queen" or "lion" but, most notably, the true love of our favourite lion king, Simba - well, second favourite after my boy. Sassy (f) - Bold and independent with a touch of sweetness and a whole load of sarcasm, just like our Homeward Bound heroine. Tigger (m) - An energetic, playful tiger and beloved character from Winnie-the-Pooh , most known for his distinctive bounce. Aslan (m) - The talking lion, aka King of Beasts, from the epic Chronicles of Narnia fantasy series. Garfield (m) - The orange-tabby cartoon kitty from our childhoods. Although lazy and self-absorbed, we can't help but forgive these inherent cat traits! Binx (m) - Our favourite boy-turned-cat from Hocus Pocus , this is a spooktastic name for black cats everywhere. Superheros/Villains Mystique (f)  - A name of French origin meaning "air of mystery", not too dissimilar to the X-Men's shapeshifting mutant. Little is known about Mystique's past, making her a very enigmatic character indeed. Xena (f)  -  Not strictly a superhero, but the black-haired, sword-wielding warrior princess has grown such a fanbase that the name shot to popularity during the 90's - which makes for one badass kitty! Selina (f)  -  Also known as Catwoman, a skilled thief, prominent enemy and love interest of Gotham's Batman. Too bad to be a superhero, too good to be a supervillain - Catwoman does what Catwoman wants. She's certainly earned her title! Logan (m) -  Also known as Wolverine, the clawed mutant that became popular in Marvel's X-Men series. This one has to make the cut, pardon the pun, if only for the claws! Visit Bucky (m)  -   Who the hell is Bucky? He's only the best friend of Steve Rogers, aka Captain America - until he's brought back from supposed death as the brainwashed, metal-armed assassin known as Winter Soldier. Harley (u)   -   The versatile, cheery - and mostly crazy - Miss Quinn has become one of the most popular supervillains in the DC Universe, not to mention a pop culture icon. Perfect for your little puddin'. Lex (u)   -   Lex Luther, scientist and supervillain, is probably most well-known as Superman's greatest enemy. Typically recognised for his bald head, this makes a super name for a Sphynx. Neo (u)   - Protagonist of The Matrix franchise, Neo is a cybercriminal and computer programmer destined to free humanity from imprisonment within The Matrix. Could this be "the one" for your furry? Gaming Zelda (f) - Princess Zelda is the courageous, elf-like humanoid from The Legend of Zelda series who uses her mystical powers in the fight against evil. A royal name for your pointy-eared kitty. Ciri (f)  -  A central character in The Witcher series. The sword-fighting princess must use her unique skills and abilities to fulfil her destiny of saving the elves. Mario  (m)  -   Star of the Mario franchise, our hero is an Italian plumber from the Mushroom Kingdom, whose adventures involve rescuing Princess Peach. Mario is derived from the Latin name, Marius, and was popular amongst military figures in Ancient Rome. Crash (m)  -   The genetically-enhanced bandicoot and protagonist of Crash Bandicoot , a platform video game where humans and mutant animals co-exist. As the name suggests, this is fast-paced and just a little bit bonkers! Sonic (m)  -   Our favourite blue hedgehog from Sonic the Hedgehog , known for his ability to run faster than the speed of sound. Also Sega's mascot, this is a sound (get it?) choice for any gamer. Dante (m)  -   The demon half-breed from Devil May Cry who uses his special abilities to hunt devils. Cool, cocky and kickass, this is a name to remember. Pikachu (u)  -  Arguably the cutest Pokémon species in Nintendo, and mascot of the Pokémon franchise, this little dude or dudette is simply adorable. Who wouldn't want a real-life Pikachu? Ecco (u)  -   From Sega's Ecco the Dolphin , the game follows a bottlenose dolphin who fights to save the planet from extraterrestrial threats. The variant spelling, Echo, also has roots in Greek mythology. Echo was a nymph punished by Hera so that she could only repeat what others said to her. Sounds like the meow-meow of a cat to me! Fantasy Fae (f)  -   Meaning "fairy" this is associated with enchantment, magic and folklore. As the name originally comes from the Latin words for "trust" and "belief", it's also used as a shortened spelling of the name, Faith. Hermoine (f)  -  A name derived from the Greek messenger god, Hermes. It's also used in Shakespeare but was popularised by Hermoine Granger of the Harry Potter series, one of the smartest witches of her generation. Esmerelda (f)  -   The anxiety-ridden witch prone to uncontrolled outbursts of magic from the American sitcom, Bewitched . The name's meaning is connected to the precious gemstone, emerald. Khaleesi (f)  -   Associated with Daenerys Targaryen from the Game of Thrones series, Khaleesi is derived from the Dothraki title, meaning "queen". While it's not a traditional name, it gained popularity amongst baby girls due to the show's huge success. Shop pet supplies → Gandalf (m)  -   From the epic fantasy adventure films, Lord of the Rings , Gandalf is a wizard of great power and leader of the Company of The Ring. Interestingly, the name is derived from Old Norse and means "wand elf". Falkor (m)   -   From The Neverending Story , a childhood favourite, Falkor is the white dragon of luck who joins Atreyu in his quest to save the mystical universe of Fantasia. It's a name of Norse origin meaning "guardian of the people" or "god's warriors". Caspian (m)  -   The handsome, noble and brave Prince Caspian, crowned King of Narnia with the help of Aslan. Also known as Caspian the Seafarer for his love of the sea, a name shared with the world's largest inland body of water between Europe and Asia (the Caspian Sea). Magic (u) - Also spelled Magick, this refers to trickery, illusion and spiritual practices. From the charming magician to the spellcasting wiccans, this puts the magical into the moggy! Spooky Morticia (f) - Our favourite goth mum from The Addams Family . This name was created from the word "mortician", which is ultimately derived from the Latin "mortis" meaning "death". For your gothic little ladies, you can't get spookier than that! Trixie (f) - Or should we say, trick or treat? A cheeky, fun name meaning "bringer of joy", this is a poetic choice for October babies and Halloween horrors. Elvira (f)  -   Known as the Mistress of Dark, Elvira is the stage persona for the hostess of Elvira's Movie Macabre , a weekly presentation of B movies. The name is of Spanish origin and was used by royal families in Spain and Portugal. Lucifer (m)  -   The fallen angel that we all know as.... ahem, Satan.... who was once believed to be a magnificent being of beauty and wisdom. This translates to "light bringer" which is good enough for us! Casper (m)  -   The friendly ghost from our childhoods, this is adorable for white kitties. The name has some deep roots that can be traced back as far as the Old Testament. Fang (u) -   One of the most distinctive features of our feline - or should I say, fanged - friends. Cats aren't too dissimilar to the hissing, blood-drinking, night-stalking vamps with the ability to hypnotise us into doing their bidding. Salem (u) -   From the comic series, Sabrina the Teenage Witch , Salem was originally a warlock sentenced to live as an orange-tabby cat after trying to take over the world. His backstory changed due to the success of the live-action sitcom to bring you the sarcastic, witty kitty that we all know and adore. The name also links back to the Salem witch trials. Phantom (u) -   Meaning "ghost" or "apparition", this is the embodiment of mystery with a hint of supernatural - as is the elusive nature of our feline friends. It can also be associated with the enigmatic and disfigured musical genius from Phantom of the Opera . Hopefully, these popular, fun and quirky ideas offer some inspiration when choosing a name for your pet. If you're still looking for the purrfect one, think about your own hobbies and interests and make a list of all the words or names that resonate. Which countries or cities would you like to visit? India, China and Paris are all beautiful names for kitties that love to explore. If you have a passion for art, who are your favourite artists? Old classics like Georgia O'Keeffe, Pablo Picasso or perhaps the Mona Lisa herself! Actors such as Keanu Reeves and Zendaya are popular right now, or maybe music is your thing: Elvis, Prince, Britney, Ariana - the options are limitless. Have fun and, most importantly, enjoy! Related post: 14 Valentine's Day Names for Cats Does your feline share a name with any of those mentioned? Would you like to see more categories of popular or quirky names? Let us know in the comments!

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases at no cost to you. Recommendations are based on extensive research into products, brands, customer feedback and my own reviews wherever applicable. Whether you're a complete newbie to harness training or searching for the purrfect product for your kitty companion, this article outlines four types of harnesses and one for kittens; and the pros and cons of each. Situations a harness might come in useful include: Taking cats on walks for exercise and/or enrichment . Preventing escape from gardens or yards. Travelling with cats. Vet visits . Some cats will take better to harnesses than others - or in many cases, not at all. A collar and leash should be avoided at all costs as they're simply not safe for cats, and there are plenty of more suitable options on the market. Even a perfectly fitted harness shouldn't be considered as escape-proof, so it's crucial to build up that kitty confidence before introducing them to all of the sights and smells of outdoors. If you're dead set on walking a pet then you might be better suited to a dog than a cat. For those that do enjoy the fresh air in their whiskers and have undergone all of the necessary training, it can be extremely rewarding for both cats and their human guardians. This is especially the case for special needs kitties, such as visually impaired and other health conditions that would otherwise make it impossible to go outside. Harnesses are not an excuse to force cats into uncomfortable and frightening situations, or drag them to the supermarket while you pick up a loaf of bread. Cats should never be left unattended or tied to a lamppost! Below are some carefully researched recommendations, taking into account material, durability, ease of use and customer ratings. Before you go rushing off to purchase your first harness, you need to know how to measure your cat for the correct fitting and size. Here's some essential reading for everything you need to know about walking cats and kittens: How to Harness Train Cats for Walking on a Leash Safely Best Harnesses for Cats H-Style Harness ⭐⭐⭐⭐ PAWCHIE Cat Harness with Leash and Collar Set The H-style harness gets its name from the two loops that sit over a cat's neck and chest, with a strap between the shoulders for a leash to hook onto. While I'm not a fan of these due to fitting like a collar, the minimalistic and non-restrictive design is a good option for cats that have never worn a harness and for training purposes. You can always build up to something bigger and more secure, as H-harnesses can be flimsy and easy for a cat to escape. PAWCHIE Harness and Leash Set comes in sizes small and medium, and colour options include red, black, purple, pink or multicoloured. Glow in the dark moons and stars aren't only attractive but ensure cats can be seen walking at night. Safety features include a double plastic clip and buckle, quick release and a durable 150cm leash. Owners find the harness easy to put on and take off with good adjustment capabilities. It allows movement without being restrictive, but some find it a little short in the body. Opinions are mixed on overall durability. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4 / 5 Based on 1,000+ reviews. ✓ Best for placid cats. ✕ Flimsy. ✓ Harness training. ✕   Can cause chafing. ✓ Non-restrictive. ✕   Small or thin cats might escape. ✓ Lightweight for kittens. Y-Style Harness ⭐⭐⭐⭐ PetSafe Come With Me Kitty Harness and Bungee Leash The Y-style harness is similar to the H-style except the top loop sits over the shoulders for a more comfortable fit. These are safer for excitable cats that tend to run or leap, but also make it easier to escape. If the harness isn't fitted properly then it could slip right over a cat's head. PetSafe Harness is available in sizes small, medium and large with ten colour options. Two adjustment points allow you to fit the harness to your cat's body type, while the stretchy 4ft-6ft bungee leash prevents sharp pulling and tugging. Some customers report that the harness is little tricky to put on and not as secure as other styles, but it's comfortable for most cats to wear. The bungie cord is said to be good for training cats. ⭐⭐⭐⭐  4 / 5 Based on 11,000+ reviews. ✓  Comfortable to wear. ✕   Flimsy. ✓  Safer for excitable cats. ✕   Easy to escape. ✓  Harness training. Vest Harness ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Rabbitgoo Escape-Proof Cat Harness with Leash Set Vest-style harnesses are my choice of preference, especially for adventurous cats that love to explore. With soft, comfortable material and no thin straps, there's less risk of chafing or choking. Nothing is escape-proof but even slender cats will struggle to wriggle out of a vest. The downside is that extra coverage can be cumbersome and restrictive, which some cats might not tolerate. Rabbitgoo Harness is designed for comfort with soft, lightweight and breathable mesh. It has a snug fit with no chafing and features reflective strips for safety. It's simple to put on and take off with two side buckles and benefits from four adjustable points. Sizes range from XXS-M and the leash measures 150cm. Customers say the harness is good quality, comfortable, easy to put on and adjust with plenty of straps. It also works well for kittens but is tricky fitting onto long-haired cats. ⭐⭐⭐⭐  4 / 5 Based on 44,000+ reviews. ✓  Secure. ✕   Best for experienced cats. ✓  Extra comfort. ✕   Restrictive. ✓  Fits most sized cats. ✓  Won't cause injury. Jacket Harness ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Mynwood Cat Jacket Harness Perhaps the least popular option for a harness, jackets offer more coverage than vests and aren't usually necessary in the average climate, as cats may get too hot. Jackets are quite restrictive, which can make it uncomfortable to move around and walk in. If your kitty shies away from the Christmas jumpers or has long, thick fur then a vest will suffice. Mynwood Jacket Harnesses are handmade by a proud cat mum, incorporating feedback from other owners and cat breeders. They use durable, high-quality materials and fasten securely around the neck and chest with strips of hook and loop. Material is reversible with blue and black cotton. Owners are happy with the comfortable, lightweight fit and most cats tolerate the jacket well. It's easy to put on and said to be harder to escape from than other harnesses. ⭐⭐⭐⭐  4 / 5 Based on 20+ reviews. ✓  Best for cold weather. ✕   Cumbersome. ✓  Experienced explorers. ✕   Long-haired cats may get too hot. ✓  Secure. ✕   Not suitable for kittens. ✓  Durable. Kitten Harness ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Fida Cat Harness and Leash Set for Kittens This lightweight, breathable air mesh harness and leash set is suitable for kittens and small breed dogs from sizes XXXS-XS. Built for comfort and durability with an adjustable hook and loop (Velcro) fastener that wraps around a pet's body to distribute pulling pressure across the chest and reduce stress on the neck. Triple security features include a buckle and double D-rings to make it as "escape-proof" as possible, along with a slightly shorter 120cm leash. Made with soft, quick-dry material and reflective strips, this cute harness fulfils all of a kitten's requirements. Kittens generally shouldn't be allowed outside until 5-6 months of age, at which stage they've developed the instincts and skills to explore their environment - as well as having completed all of their vaccinations. If you're struggling to find a harness small enough to fit, then it's likely that your kitten is too young. You shouldn't be using harnesses designed for other species, such as rabbits or ferrets. Owners love the look and fit of the Fida Harness, but extra small kittens may still be able to wriggle out of them. ⭐⭐⭐⭐  4 / 5 Based on 2,000+ reviews. ✓  Sizes XXXS-XS. ✕   Not suitable for large cats. ✓  Lightweight. ✓  Safe and secure. ✓  Easy to put on. Whatever style harness you decide on and whichever is best for your cat, use this handy checklist of important features to look for in a quality harness and leash set. Lightweight and breathable. Multiple adjustment points. Strong, secure clasps. Easy to put on and take off. Reflective strips. Quick release. Durability. Snug fit. Information accurate from February 2026 and may be subject to change. Feel free to get in touch if you think this article needs updating. Do you have a kitty that loves to explore? Help out fellow cat parents by recommending your best harness, along with any walking tips and tricks.